Stan. S. Katz

Author of The Emperor and the Spy

1915 – Former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft secretly attended a diplomatic banquet sponsored by the Japan Society of New York, honoring the visit of Baron Shibusawa Eiichi. Their goal to strengthen the future US Japan alliance for World War One.

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Photo above: William Howard Taft (next to the gentleman whose image reveals only half of his face)

Photo below: Theodore Roosevelt (centered beneath the chandelier)   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

These rare photos are segments from a much larger 1915 photo (20 x 12 inches) that presents the many guests at this U.S. Japan diplomatic event. This antique photo appears to be the only one in existence. It was discovered while researching for the illustrated biography on Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, titled: The Art of Peace.

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940) and his close ally Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (1840-1931), along with their Japanese and non-Japanese supporters devoted themselves to creatively encouraging international goodwill and promoting democratic principles.

The entire 1915 group photo is shown within another blog post on this website. That blog post presents enlarged images of all of the sixty-five attendees and there is also a description the significant topics discussed during this gathering – Historians and family members are invited to assist in identifying the guests at this event; a dozen have thus far been recognized.

This 1915 photo is a time capsule which gives a fuller understanding of the history of U.S. Japan relations and a window to the exciting world of New York City during the early twentieth century. Several of the attendees thus far identified were actively part of the goodwill organization the Japan Society of New York City, which began in 1907, and actively continues to this day.

The below illustrations are from a 1910-1911 Japan Society of New York City publication which highlights the membership of the organization. This membership list will likely to be helpful in identifying many of the distinguished guests attending this significant 1915 event linked to the alliance between the U.S. and Japan, and with other Allied nations during World War One.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Below are several leading members of the Japan Society of New York City that have already been identified as attendees at the 1915 banquet event:

Jacob H. Schiff – Honorary Vice-President of Japan Society

Dr. Jokichi Takamine – Honorary Vice-President and Life Member of Japan Society

Consul-General K. Midzuno – Executive Committee of Japan Society

Dr. John H. Finley – Executive Committee of Japan Society

M. Zumoto – Executive Committee of Japan Society

Baron Eiichi Shibusawa – Life Member of the Japan Society

*Prince Iyesato Tokugawa – was a political ally of Baron Shibusawa. Prince Tokugawa was not at the 1915 event, but he is listed as being a Life Member of the Japan Society.

 

Below is the General Annual Membership List of the Japan Society – Some of these prestigious individuals might also have attended the 1915 dinner event honoring Baron Eiichi Shibusawa’s visit.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This Japan Society publication highlighted the 1853 visit to Japan by Commodore Perry which helped launch many years of friendship between the U.S and Japan. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Here is the link to the blog post that presents the entire 1915 diplomatic banquet photo. This blog post gives brief bios on the attendees that have been identified.

1915 Photo: Diplomatic banquet honoring the visit of Baron Shibusawa

 

To learn more about the Japan Society of New York City and their many social/cultural/educational activities, here is a link to there website:

Japan Society

 

 

 

 

 

Former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt & William Howard Taft secretly attend a 1915 diplomatic banquet in N.Y.C. honoring the visit of Baron Shibusawa. Their goal to establish a strong US Japan alliance for World War One. This photo was only recently discovered.

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This is the only known photo of a significant 1915 U.S. Japan diplomatic event. The description on the photo’s lower left corner states:

Dinner to Baron Shibusawa. East & West Meeting, Sherry’s [Restaurant] New York City, December 3, 1915.  (Actual photo size: 20 by 12 inches.)

This original photo is age-darkened and missing a small segment in the lower left. These imperfections have been corrected during the restoration process as shown in the photos below:

 

INTRODUCTION

This almost discarded photo was acquired by the author of this blog post while researching for  a biography on Prince Tokugawa Iesato (1863-1940) titled The Art of Peace, which is also now available in a “general reader” edition titled: The Art of Diplomacy. Both versions also highlight Baron Shibusawa Eiichi (1840-1931). Prince Tokugawa & Baron Shibusawa were lifelong friends and allies who promoted successful domestic policies in Japan and strove for peace internationally. They were among the most powerful and inspiring leaders of Japan during the first decades of the twentieth century.

Prince Tokugawa held the influential position of President of Japan’s upper house of congress, the House of Peers, for thirty years, and was so politically influential in promoting democracy and international goodwill, that it was only after his death in 1940, that Japan was pressured into allying with the Axis Powers during World War Two.  

Baron Shibusawa is known as the ‘Father of Japan’s Modern Economy of Japan,” and recognized for having launched Japan’s first national bank, as well as helping start hundreds of other business ventures, many of which exist to this day. He also supported hundreds of social welfare organizations. To honor his memory in 2024, Baron Shibusawa’s likeness will be on the face of the highest denomination Japanese currency bill, the ten thousand yen note.

 

 

 

 

 

 

General visitors are most welcome to explore this material, while at the same time this blog post invites those who are able to kindly assist in identifying the attendees at this important 1915 diplomatic event. Small segments of the restored 1915 photo have been enlarged and each attendee has been given an ID number, with the numbering starting from the upper right corner of the photo and moving counterclockwise around the large banquet table.

Thanks go to out to the American Historical Association for highlighting this blog post in their website discussion room, so my fellow AHA members from around the world  might contribute to the identification of the unknown guests at this 1915 event. AHA membership includes university professors, high school teachers, archivists, librarians, general historians, historical writers, along with many other professionals who share a passion for history.

Of the sixty-five guests, thus far a dozen prominent individuals have either been identified or their names are known as having been at this event. They include: presidents of universities, political and social rights activists, founders of publishing firms, newspaper editors, journalists, biographical and historical fiction authors, also business/finance and government leaders. This photo offers a new perspective on early U.S. Japan relations, while highlighting many of the most influential individuals in the U.S. over a century ago.

-This is an invitation to those individuals or organizations who are able to identify any of the as-of-yet unknown individuals in the 1915 Photo, please share your insights thru the Comment section at the end of this blog post. Please include the attendee’s ID number and anything else you might know about that person, including internet links when available. Thank you so much for being part of  what I believe will be an engaging and enjoyable historical research project, and how exciting to see from where around the world this information will come from.

Thank you.

 

The Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation / Shibusawa Memorial Museum

 

 

This fine organization located in Tokyo commemorates the legacy of Baron Shibusawa Eiichi, known for his high ethical values in business and for his many social welfare/humanitarian contributions. The museum collects and displays documents and artifacts from his life. Adjoining the main museum building is the tranquil Old Shibusawa Garden. That garden and two structures from the original Shibusawa estate, the Bankoro Cottage and the Seien Bunko Library, date from the Emperor Taisho era (1912–26). These buildings have been designated as Important Cultural Properties by the Japanese government.

The Head Librarian for the Information Resources Center of the Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation, Toru Shigehara, kindly assisted in my research. They knew of the December 3rd 1915 banquet event based on a December 4th, 1915 New York Times article which mentioned the event and gave the names of some attendees, but they weren’t aware a photo had been taken of this event. They found it most surprising and exciting to hear that former U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft had attended, because the December 4th, 1915 New York Times article made no mention of this. Below is a Review:

“Dear Dr. Stan S. Katz,
We appreciate your kindness and all the work you have done to promote understanding of Shibusawa Eiichi and US-Japan relations as a whole. I wish you all the best in your current and future endeavors.

With gratitude,”

Toru Shigehara: Head Librarian/Information Resources Center,
Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation and Museum located in Japan

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Of the sixty-five attendees at the event, the December 4th, 1915 New York Times article only mentioned the below ten individuals: Comparison photos could be found online for nine of them. Only one, M. Zumoto, had no photos available.  Four additional attendees have since also been identified, leaving fifty-two guests yet to be recognized. One possible clue: some attendees might have been members of the Japan Society or the Nippon Club. Both are U.S. Japan goodwill organizations that continue to be active to this day and are located in New York City.

Below are the names given in the New York Times article.

  • Baron Shibusawa Eiichi
  • Willard D. Straight
  • Osward G. Villard
  • William Morgan Shuster
  • Dr. Albert Shaw 
  • Don C. Seitz 
  • Edward J. Wheeler
  • Dr. Toyokichi Iyenaga (one of the two hosts for the 1915 event)
  • Dr. Jōkichi Takamine (the other host for the 1915 event)
  • M. Zumoto – both the translator and secretary for Baron Shibusawa. He was also a part owner and editor of The Japan Times – Japan’s largest and oldest English-language daily newspaper, currently  published by The Japan Times, Ltd. (株式会社ジャパンタイムズ) of Tokyo. M. Zumoto was also the Director of the Oriental Information Agency of New York.

 

During the 1915 diplomatic event there was a frank discussion presented between Baron Shibusawa and Willard D. Straight on the following topics:

-How to improve relations between the U.S. and Japan.

-How to eliminate injustices and discrimination against Japanese-Americans living in the U.S.

-Both Shibusawa and Straight felt optimistic about Japan-U.S. relations and that problems could be solved with justice and benefit to both nations.

– They discussed the possibility of the U.S. and Japan working together to peacefully assist China in her development, to the economic gain of all three nations. The translator for Baron Shibusawa was M. Zumoto.

-Another discussion was between Osward G. Villard and Morgan Shuster regarding the recent outbreak of war in Europe. They recognized the U.S. might soon find itself in that conflict. They discussed how America’s resources might best be spent in preparation for that conflict. They commented that Japan and America should work together to go against the “criminal” powers who had started the war.

-Other speakers at the Baron Shibusawa event were Dr. Albert Shaw, Don C. Seitz, and Edward J. Wheeler.

Source: New York Times, December 4th, 1915: “Plea for Japanese Now in California: Baron Shibusawa Asks That Fair Treatment Be Accorded in Land Legislation. / Opportunities in China / He Urges That This Country Combine with Japan in Developing New Republic.”

During his 1915 visit to the U.S., Baron Shibusawa also met with President Woodrow Wilson.

What is most surprising about this 1915 banquet event is that in spite of the many magazine and newspaper editors and journalists in attendance, the media made no mention of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft being in attendance to honor Shibusawa – The reasons for this secrecy are open to conjecture, perhaps, with WWI having just begun in Europe, it was considered prudent not to advertise where U.S. and Japanese leaders could be targeted, in that these two nations would find themselves playing an essential role in the Allies’ victory in that major conflict.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prior Introduction

Section I – Presentation of larger segments from the 1915 banquet photo.

Section II – Presentation of smaller segments from the 1915 banquet photo, which have been further enlarged to aid in individual identification.

Section III – List of the already recognized attendees, with the source photos that helped identify them. This section will include crediting those who assisted in identifying them.

 

 

Section I

Below are some larger sections of the restored 1915 photo:

The first two photos highlight where during the event, Baron Shibusawa had probably been seated near Theodore Roosevelt – Roosevelt is centered beneath a grand chandelier and just two seats to his right is the vacant chair where Shibusawa sat. It took creativity on the part of the photographer to capture such a large gathering in one photo. Shibusawa went to the other end of the table to stand near William Howard Taft, allowing the photographer to incorporate all the attendees into one photo, while at the same time capture a larger image of their honored guest, Shibusawa. [Notice the reflection in the mirror behind Roosevelt, it reveals the front section of the table.] This event took place at Sherry’s, one of the most impressive New York City banquet facilities of its time.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Enlarged segment from the restored photo.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Further enlarged section from the prior photo, highlighting Theodore Roosevelt centered beneath the chandelier.   

Shown below, Shibusawa is at the other end of the table closer to William Howard Taft (seated far right, next to the gentleman whose image reveals only half of his face).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Standing at Shibusawa’s right is the Japanese-American Dr. Jōkichi Takamine, one of the two hosts for this event. Dr. Takamine was a highly successful and respected chemist and businessman who helped establish a pharmaceutical company that continues to this day. Standing at Shibusawa’s left side is Count Chinda Sutemi Japanese Ambassador to the U.S.

Dr. Takamine, Ambassador Sutemi, Prince Tokugawa, and President Taft were all closely linked to the gifting of the cherry blossom trees to Washington, D.C. in 1912. Further details of this Japanese gift are presented in another blog post on this website.

 

Section II – Presentation of smaller segments of 1915 banquet photo:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 1, 2, 3

1- Unknown

2- William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913). Taft was the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, and was succeeded by Woodrow Wilson. After Taft’s presidency, he became the 10th Chief Justice of the United States from July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930, the only individual to hold both offices.

3- Albert Shaw (July 23, 1857 – June 25, 1947) was a prominent American journalist and academic of the early 20th century. In 1890, Shaw was elected professor of international law and political institutions at Cornell University, but resigned the post in 1891 to establish an American edition of the Review of Reviews. The Review of Reviews was a noted family of monthly journals founded in 1890-1893 by British reform journalist William Thomas Stead (1849–1912): It was established across three continents in London (1891), New York (1892) and Melbourne (1893). Shaw served as editor-in-chief of this publication until it ceased publication in 1937. Shaw was also a member of the American Antiquarian Society (AAS), located in Worcester, Massachusetts. This AAS was both a learned society and national research library of pre-twentieth century American history and culture. Founded in 1812, it is the oldest historical society in the United States with a national focus.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 4, 5, 6

 

4- Unknown

 

5- Edward Jewitt Wheeler (1859-1922) was the Editor of The Literary Digest. The Literary Digest was an influential American general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls. Founded by Isaac Kaufmann Funk in 1890, it eventually merged with two similar weekly magazines, Public Opinion and Current Opinion. Beginning with early issues, the emphasis was on opinion articles and an analysis of news events. It offered condensations of articles from American, Canadian and European publications. Type-only covers gave way to illustrated covers during the early 1900s. In the 1920s, the covers carried full-color reproductions of famous paintings. By 1927, The Literary Digest climbed to a circulation of over one million. In 1938, it merged with the Review of Reviews, only to fail soon after. Its subscriber list was bought by Time.

Wheeler was also the Editor of The Voice, 1884-1898; President of the Poetry Society of America, 1909-1919; Trustee of Ohio Wesleyan University; Officier de l’Instruction Publique. He was also Managing Editor of The Homiletic Review, a temperance publication.

Wheeler also served as Secretary of the Westerleigh Collegiate Institute (1896–1900). Westerleigh Collegiate Institute was the first school on Staten Island to provide a complete kindergarten-to-college education; the surrounding neighborhood, previously called National Prohibition Park, gradually came to be known as Westerleigh.

 

6- Unknown

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 7, 8, 9

7- Count Chinda Sutemi (珍田 捨巳, January 19, 1857 – January 16, 1929) was the Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. at the time of the 1915 banquet event. Sutemi studied at DePauw University and got his B.A. in 1881, and M.A. in 1884. From 1890 to 1894, he served as Japanese Consul in San Francisco, California. In 1897, he was appointed first Japanese Minister Plenipotentiary to Brazil, following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two states in 1895. He served as Japanese Ambassador to Germany from 1908 to 1911, to the United States from 1912 to 1916, and to the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1920, during which time he took part in the Japanese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 at the end of WWI…Sutemi was also a Methodist minister.

Count Chinda stood at Shibusawa’s left side, and Dr. Jōkichi Takamine was on Shibusawa’s right side in the photo: Ambassador Chinda and Dr. Jōkichi Takamine are closely linked to the gifting of cherry blossom trees to Washington, D.C. in 1912. It was Ambassador Chinda’s wife Japanese Viscountess Iwa Chinda and President Taft’s wife First Lady Helen Herron Taft, who each ceremonially planted one of the first two Japanese gifted cherry blossom trees in the U.S. Capital in 1912. This diplomatic gesture has since become the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival, one of the most celebrated goodwill events in Washington, D.C., attended by hundreds of thousands of Americans and visitors from around the world.

 

8- Baron Shibusawa Eiichi (渋沢 栄一, March 16, 1840 – November 11, 1931)

 

9- Dr. Jōkichi Takamine (高峰 譲吉, November 3, 1854 – July 22, 1922) a famous chemist and highly successful businessmen, who became the first President of Sankyo Company, Ltd., a pharmaceutical company. Sankyo Company Ltd. was founded in 1899, and was initially named Sankyo Shoten Company Ltd. It was launched through a joint investment by businessmen Matasaku Shiobara, Shotaro Nishimura and Genjiro Fukui. Two of their first successful products were the digestive enzyme Taka-Diastase® (launched in 1894, Dr. Jokichi Takamine discovered the enzyme from a fungus). In 1902, they launched Adrenalin®, an adrenal cortex hormone agent. Dr. Jokichi Takamine had discovered and patented the isolation of adrenalin. In 1910, Dr. Umetaro Suzuki, a future Sankyo scientific adviser, made the world’s first discovery of vitamin B1 (Orizanin®) in rice bran and established a foundation for the theory of vitamins.

In 1913, Sankyo Shoten Company, Ltd., changed its name to Sankyo Co., Ltd, and appointed Dr. Jokichi Takamine as its first president. He remained its president from March 1913 – July 1922.

In 2005, Sankyo Shoten Company, Ltd., merged with Daiichi Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., both of them were century-old pharmaceutical companies. The name of the company from this merger is Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd., a global company and the second largest pharmaceutical company in Japan. It is a producer of medical equipment, pharmaceutical products, and veterinary medicines. Number of employees 32,229 (as of December 2013). Company headquarters: Tokyo, Japan.

Sources: Wikipedia and the pharmaceutical company website: www.daiichisankyo.com

Additional information about Dr. Jōkichi Takamine: in 1905, he established The Nippon Club, to tighten the unity of the Japanese community and to develop a better relationship with the American people. Since then, The Nippon Club, which is the only Japanese social club in the U.S., has contributed to the continued friendship, not to mention ongoing business and cultural exchange between the two countries through various events, workshops and cultural classes. By holding athletic events and cultural activities, as well as by providing the facilities where these events can occur, The Nippon Club has cemented itself as one of New York City’s oldest cultural institutions. It continues to serve the community from the center of the world’s most international metropolitan area. Source: The Nippon Club website.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 10, 11, 12

10- Unknown

11- Willard Dickerman Straight (January 31, 1880 – December 1, 1918) American investment banker, publisher, reporter, Army Reserve officer, diplomat and by marriage, a member of the Whitney family. Straight was the founder of the American magazine: The New Republic, which remains one of the most influential liberal magazines in the United States from its launch in 1914. The magazine was begun by Straight with Herbert David Croly as its editor. The New Republic reflected the progressive movement and sought reforms in American government and society. Among its early editors or contributors were Randolph Silliman Bourne, Walter Lippmann, and Malcolm Cowley. The journal supported the formation of labour unions, the eight-hour workday, and woman suffrage. It also supported President Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy during World War I, but later broke with him and opposed the Treaty of Versailles. The magazine’s popularity declined in the 1920s, when its liberal viewpoint was out of favour, but it revived in the 1930s. After earlier opposing him, The New Republic ended up supporting President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration and the New Deal. Source: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica…Today, The New Republic continues to take a largely modern liberal stance on governmental fiscal policies and social issues.

12- Unknown

 

Additional notes:

During Baron Shibusawa’s 1915 visit to New York City, he was also the luncheon guest of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt (oldest son of former President Theodore Roosevelt) at Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, 25 miles east of Manhattan. George Walbridge Perkins and Clarence H. Mackay were present at this luncheon to meet Baron Shibusawa.

While in the U.S., Baron Shibusawa also enjoyed a visit to the Pan-Pacific Exposition of 1915-1916, held in San Diego, California. The current expansive Balboa Park in San Diego, is largely composed of exhibition buildings from that wonderful event. The first beginnings of the Japanese Friendship Garden in Balboa Park, began with a popular Japanese Teahouse at that exposition.

 

Below are some larger segments from the 1915 restored photo. Certain segments of the photo have greater clarity in the half-tone versus the black and white version:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Right to left: Attendees numbered from 1 to 27

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Right to left: Attendees numbered 10 to 27

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 13, 14, 15

13- William Morgan Shuster (23 February 1877 in Washington, D.C. – 26 May 1960 in New York City), was an American lawyer, civil servant, and publisher, who is best known as the treasurer-general of Persia by appointment of the Iranian parliament, or Majles, from May to December 1911. Shuster tried to free Persia from Russian and British colonialism, so Persia could gain independence and control its own destiny. Shuster felt he could improve the Persian economy. However, due to great pressure put on him by Russia and Britain, Shuster was forced to leave Persia. He felt bitter and wrote a book condemning the colonial powers. Upon his return to the U.S., Shuster entered the publishing industry and became president of Century Publishing in New York. He led the firm, which had been established in 1870, through a merger with Appleton in 1933 and Crofts in 1947. By his death in 1960 the firm was known as Century-Appleton-Crofts.

14- Unknown

15- Unknown

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 16, 17, 18

16- Unknown

17- Unknown

18- Unknown

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 18 to 29

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 19, 20, 21

19-  Don Carlos Seitz (1862-1935) American newspaper correspondent and manager. He was also an accomplished biographer and historian. He served as city editor (1889–91) of the Brooklyn Eagle, assistant publisher of the New York Recorder (1892–93) and managing editor of the Brooklyn World (1893–94), and thenceforth was connected with the New York World as advertising manager (1895–97) and as business manager after 1898.  Note: The Brooklyn Eagle, originally The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat, was a daily newspaper published in the city and later borough of Brooklyn, New York, for 114 years from 1841 to 1955.

Don Carlos Seitz’s historical books and biographies include: Discoveries in Everyday Europe (1907), Writings by and about James McNeill Whistler (1910), Elba and Elsewhere (1910), Letters from Francis Parkman (1911), The Buccaneers (1912), Whistler Stories (1913), Braxton Bragg, general of the Confederacy (1924), Joseph Pulitzer; HIs Life and Letters (1924), Under the Black Flag: Exploits of the Most Notorious Pirates (1925), The Great Island: Some observations in and about the Crown Colony of Newfoundland (1926), and The James Gordon Bennetts: Father and Son Proprietors of the New York Herald (1928, a biography about newspaper publishers).

 

20- Unknown

21- Unknown

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 22, 23, 24

22- Unknown

23- Unknown

24- John Huston Finley (October 19, 1863 – March 7, 1940) was a Professor of Politics at Princeton University from 1900 to 1903, and the third President of the City College of New York from 1903 until 1913, when he was appointed President of the University of the State of New York and the 2nd Commissioner of Education of the State of New York from 1913–1921. He was also the 9th President of the American Geographical Society from 1925–1934 – His position in the American Geographical Society placed him in contact with the great explorers and fliers of the day, who signed their names for him on a terrestrial globe, which he presented to the Society in 1929. During World War I he headed the Red Cross Commission in Palestine.

In 1921 Finley was appointed The New York Times associate editor. On April 21, 1937, The Times announced Dr. Finley’s appointment as editor-in-chief. He held that position until Nov. 16, 1938, when because of poor health he took the title of editor emeritus. During his long distinguished career he received honorary degrees from over thirty colleges and universities, and twelve governments bestowed thirteen decorations on him.

During the 1915 banquet event honoring Shibusawa, John H. Finley recalled an incident when the Baron visited the U.S. back in 1902. Mr. Finely stated that writing poetry was a passion for Baron Shibusawa. Finley related that Baron Shibusawa had become friendly with Townsend Harris, the first American Minister to Japan, who went there in 1856 and stayed many years. Mr. Harris died in New York in 1878, and on the day of Baron Shibusawa’s arrival to New York in 1902, he asked to be taken to his friend’s grave. When he reached it he pinned a personal poem he had written to Mr. Harris upon the tree overhanging the grave.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 25, 26, 27

25- Unknown

26-Unknown

27- Unknown

Vacant Seat between 27 and 28: presumed to be where Count Chinda Sutemi Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. sat during this event.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 28, 29

28- Unknown

29- Unknown

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 28 to 54  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34

30- Unknown

31- Unknown

32- Unknown

33- Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) 26th President of the United States: in office September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909

34- Dr. Toyokichi Iyenaga (1862-1936) one of the two hosts of the 1915 banquet. Dr. Iyenaga was Japanese by birth, but came to America early in his life, where he received a PhD degree from Oberlin in 1887 and a PhD degree from Johns Hopkins in 1890. After his education in the United States, he returned to Japan and from 1890 to 1895 he was professor of political science at Waseda University and Higher Commercial College in Tokyo, Japan. In 1895 he was appointed secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs, and in 1898 he became a commissioner of the Formosan government to India, Persia, Turkey, and China. He was also lecturer at the University of Chicago from 1901 to 1920 and at Columbia University from 1913 until retirement. While in New York he operated a news bureau known as the East and West. He also spent some time in Washington, D.C. as an aide to the Japanese ambassador to the United States.

 

The Vacant seat between 34- Dr. Toyokichi Iyenaga and 35- Jacob Henry Schiff is presumed to be where Baron Shibusawa Eiichi sat during this event. This would place Dr. Toyokichi Iyenaga between Baron Shibusawa and Theodore Roosevelt to assist in translation between these two statesmen.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40

35- Jacob Henry Schiff (born Jakob Heinrich Schiff; January 10, 1847 – September 25, 1920) was a Jewish-American banker, businessman, and philanthropist. He helped finance the expansion of American railroads and the Japanese military efforts against Tsarist Russia during the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War.

Born in Frankfurt, Germany, Schiff migrated to the United States after the American Civil War and joined the investment firm Kuhn, Loeb & Co. From his base on Wall Street, he became a foremost Jewish leader from 1880 to 1920 in what later became known as the “Schiff era.” He grappled with all major Jewish issues and problems of the day, including the plight of Russian Jews under the Tsar, American and international anti-Semitism, care of needy Jewish immigrants, and the rise of Zionism. He became a director of many important corporations, including the National City Bank of New York, Equitable Life Assurance Society, Wells Fargo & Company, and the Union Pacific Railroad. As a sign of the close relationship with Baron Shibusawa, in the 1915 banquet, Mr. Schiff sits at the right side of Baron Shibusawa.

36- Unknown

37- Unknown

38- Unknown

39- Unknown

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees Right to Left: 39, 40, 41, 42,

40- Oswald Garrison Villard (1872–1949), was the publisher of both the New York Evening Post (which describes itself as the nation’s oldest continuously published daily newspaper), and The Nation (the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States, covering progressive political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis). Oswald was the son of railroad tycoon Henry Villard and grandson of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. He used his fortune to promote liberal causes, including women’s suffrage, anti-imperialism, and Negro uplift. Villard originally supported Booker T. Washington, believing education was the solution to the “Negro problem,” but the Brownsville affair and Atlanta riot convinced him of the need for a stronger strategy. The “Committee for the Advancement of the Negro Race” (1906) he envisioned became the blueprint for the NAACP. Villard funded the NAACP’s budget and provided free office space in the New York Evening Post building.

41- Unknown

42- Believed to be Motosada Zumoto (aka M. Zumoto) the Japanese with dark mustache. Zumoto was both the translator and secretary for Baron Shibusawa – He was also a part owner and editor of The Japan Times – Japan’s largest and oldest English-language daily newspaper, currently  published by The Japan Times, Ltd. (株式会社ジャパンタイムズ) of Tokyo. M. Zumoto was also the Director of the Oriental Information Agency of New York. A full facial image of M. Zumoto is presented at the end of this blog in Section III. This image comes from another blog post on this website that presents a 1934 diplomatic event. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees 39 to 54, starting from the back of the photo and moving forward

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees 43 to 48 starting with the individual furthest back and moving forward:

43- Unknown (not looking forward)

44- Unknown

45-Unknown

46- Unknown

47- Unknown (resting head on his hand)

48- Unknown (eyes looked closed)

49- Unknown [only the top of his head is shown and his face does not appear in the following photo. A mystery guest.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees 50 to 53 starting with the individual furthest back and moving forward:

50- Unknown

51- Unknown (entire face shown)

52- Unknown (has mustache)

53- Unknown (wearing glasses, chin is not visible)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Larger view of the left side of the banquet table: Attendees 35 to 61

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees 52 to 59 starting with the individual furthest back and moving forward:

52- Unknown (has dark mustache; was shown in prior photos)

53- Unknown (shown in prior photos)

54- Unknown (looks Asian or African American?)

55- Unknown (brown mustache)

56- Unknown

57- Unknown

58- Unknown

59- Unknown

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Attendees 58 to 61 starting with the individual furthest back and moving forward:

58- Unknown (also listed in earlier photo)

59- Unknown (also listed earlier photo)

60- Unknown

61- Unknown

 

 

Left to Right: Attendees 61 to 65

The Vacant chair between attendees 63 and 64 is presumed to be where Dr. Jōkichi Takamine sat during this event. As one of the two hosts of this event, Dr. Takamine likely sat at one end of the large banquet table near William Howard Taft, while the other host, Dr. Toyokichi Iyenaga, sat at the other end of the table between Baron Eiichi Shibusawa and Theodore Roosevelt, allowing him to serve as a translator for these two statesmen.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Left to Right: Attendees 62 to 63

62- Unknown

63- Unknown

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From Left to Right: Attendees 64 to 65

64- Unknown

65- Unknown

 

Based on suggestions from The American Historical Association fellow members and further research, here are the names of some Japanese who accompanied Baron Shibusawa during his 1915 visit to the U.S., who might be in the 1915 photo:

  • M. Zumoto – editor/part-owner of Japan Times, Director of the Oriental Information Agency of New York, both the translator and secretary for Baron Shibusawa.
  • The Baron’s son: T. Shibusawa
  • The Baron’s son M. Shibusawa
  • M. Masuda, the private secretary for Baron Shibusawa
  • Z. Horikoshi, a silk merchant who also accompanied Baron Shibusawa during his 1909 visit to the U.S.
  • K. Noguni
  • S. Hoyomi
  • I. Wakita, managing Director of the Tokyo-Sakaye Bank
  • T. Yokoyama – businessman 
  • K. Noguchi on the staff of the First Bank of Tokyo

 

Section III

As displayed above in Section II, there were many fascinating and inspiring individuals who attended the 1915 event honoring Baron Shibusawa’s visit. 

Below are the photos that were utilized for comparison.

This section will also include the names of those individuals and organizations who assist in identifying the guests at this event.

 

2-    William Howard Taft

Image result for william howard taft

Circa 1915  Photo source: Biography.com

 

 

 

3-           Albert Shaw

File:Portrait of Albert Shaw.jpg

Circa 1910                                             Circa 1989  

Photo source: Wikipedia

 

 

 

 

5-      Edward Jewitt Wheeler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circa 1900. In the above photo he is forty-one years old.

In 1915, during the Shibusawa banquet, he was fifty-six years old.

 

 

 

 

7-     Count Chinda Sutemi Japanese Ambassador to the U.S.

File:Picture of Chinda Sutemi.jpg

Circa 1913 Photo source: Harris & Ewing

 

 

 

 

8-      Baron Shibusawa Eiichi

Circa 1918  Photo source: Wikipedia

 

 

 

 

9-          Jōkichi Takamine

File:Jokichi Takamine.jpg

Circa 1920  Photo source: Science History Institute

 

 

 

 

11-   Willard Dickerman Straight

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circa 1915  Photo source: Geni.com

 

 

 

13-      William Morgan Shuster

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circa 1912  Photo source: Wikipedia

 

 

 

 

19-       Don Carlos Seitz (1862-1935)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1931  Photo Source: The Library of Congress

In the above photo he was 69 years old.

In the 1915 photo, he was 53 years old.

 

 

 

24-     John Huston Finley (October 19, 1863 – March 7, 1940)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The above photo is labelled as no later than 1903 – Source: Wikipedia

John Huston Finley appears to be 40 years old.

How would he look twelve years later? 

In the 1915 banquet photo, he was 52 years old.

 

 

 

33-       Theodore Roosevelt

1911  Photo source: U.S. National Park Service

 

 

 

34-      Dr. Toyokichi Iyenaga

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

March 10, 1918  Photo source: Underwood & Underwood 

 

 

 

35-    Jacob Henry Schiff

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1903 – Photo source: Wikipedia

 

 

 

40-             Oswald Garrison Villard

 

 

 

 

 

 Circa 1910  Photo source: NAACP Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

 

 

42-          M. Zumoto

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

February 27th, 1934 – Source: TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com photo archives

 

 

Section IV

The illustrated biography of Prince Tokugawa Iesato brings to life this fascinating period of history and the friendship and alliance between Prince Tokugawa and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa, as they promoted goodwill between the US and Japan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Available in a Print and Kindle EBook Edition

 

 

 

 

 

Prince Tokugawa Iesato’s biography is also available in an expanded digital edition titled: THE ART OF PEACE. 

This edition is similar to THE ART OF DIPLOMACY, but it presents an additional 100 pages of historical notes to assist researchers.

Both versions offer a new significant perspective on U.S. Japan relations during the first half of the 20th Century.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prince Tokugawa encouraged Emperor Hirohito’s younger brother Prince Takamatsu and Princess Takamatsu to take a fourteen month Goodwill World Tour during 1930-1931. In Washington, D.C., they were personally escorted by President Herbert Hoover down Pennsylvania Avenue, as part of their special reception.

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These rare antique photos present a long forgotten 1931 diplomatic event where Prince and Princess Takamatsu as a gesture of international goodwill visited the US Capital and were personally escorted down Pennsylvania Avenue. by President Herbert Hoover, as thousands of onlookers gathered to honor their visit. Surprisingly, it has proved difficult to find news coverage about the above diplomatic procession.

Left to right in the center of the procession photo: Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. Katsuji Debuchi speaks with President Hoover (wearing a top hat and holding a cane); Princess and Prince Takamatsu walk side by side.  Included above are two earlier individual photos of Princess and Prince Takamatsu.

 

 

In 1988 an international goodwill organization PRAEMIUM IMPERIALE was created to honor Prince Takamatsu and his efforts to utilize the arts as a means of bringing nations and peoples together in mutual appreciation and goodwill.

The below Sunday, Sept. 19th, 2021 full page announcement in the NEW YORK TIMES honors this prestigious organization’s 2021 artist award recipients.

 

The Praemium Imperiale is a global arts prize awarded annually by the Japan Art Association. Since its inauguration in 1988, it has been recognized as a  significant supporter of the arts – Six nomination committees, each chaired by an International Advisor, propose candidates in five fields: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music and Theatre/Film.

The below link gives you a detailed introduction to Praemium Imperiale and its laureates in words, image, audio and video.

https://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/

 

Prince Tokugawa’s biography highlights Prince and Princess Takamatsu, who served as representatives of Japan, promoting international friendship through the exchange of the arts and intercultural events. This biography includes many more rare photos of Prince Takamatsu and Princess Takamatsu’s exciting 1930-1931 Goodwill World Tour. Over the past two decades, a large collection of rare photos of Prince Takamatsu and Princess Takamatsu were collected by the author of this blog post. Perhaps, a film documentarian who also enjoys history will assist in creating a documentary about this Royal Couple, highlighting their 19301-1931 Goodwill World Tour.

 

PRINCE TOKUGAWA’S BIOGRAPHY  IS AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS: “THE ART OF PEACE”  & “The ART OF DIPLOMACY”

 

PRINT & KINDLE EDITION

 

 

EXPANDED EBOOK EDITION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In Support of Democracy during World War One, Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa guided Japan to aid the U.S., Britain, and France, as well as her other Allies – Theodore Roosevelt praises Japan for her important role in winning that war.

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When war first erupted in Europe in 1914, there was uncertainty as to whether or not, or to what degree, Japan would support Great Britain and Britain’s other allies in their struggle with Germany, a conflict that seemed far away from Japan’s shores. Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa along with their Japanese supporters had spent the prior decade promoting peace. But when war erupted, out of respect international justice, they guided Japan to play a significant role in aiding the Allies – Despite Japan’s important contributions to the winning that conflict, relatively little is remembered today. Japan strongly assisted militarily and aided the Allies’ sick and wounded.

In 1917, out of empathy for the enormous suffering, death, and destruction in Europe during World War One (1914-1918), Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa, along with their Japanese supporters published a condolence booklet honoring their Allies. The photo illustration above is the first page from that condolence booklet that described the Japanese creating an association that collected a monetary fund that was gifted to Allied nations to help with their healthcare costs.

The portrait photos on the above page illustration are:

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa president of this organization, with Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (left) and Baron Saburo Shimada (right) the vice-presidents.

This booklet was titled:

“Japan to her Allies: A Message of Practical Sympathy from the Japan Association for Aiding the Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Others Suffering from the War in the Allied Countries.”

Below are the English and the French Editions of this booklet:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Theodore Roosevelt’s deep appreciation & heartfelt regard for the Japanese people in general & for Japan’s significant role in winning World War One is revealed by the below New York Times article written November 30, 1919, just seven months prior to his death.

 

WHAT THE JAPANESE HAVE STOOD FOR IN WORLD WAR 

“This country should feel for Japan a peculiar admiration and respect.”

“There is not the slightest real or necessary conflict of interest between the United States and Japan in the Pacific.”

By THEODORE ROOSEVELT

(A Hitherto Unpublished Article, Written by the Late Ex-President Seven Months Before His Death)

The New York Times

Published: November 30, 1919

Japan’s career during the past fifty years has been without parallel in world history. Japan has played a part of extraordinary usefulness to the allied cause in this war for civilization. Japan’s friendship should be peculiarly dear to the United States, and every farsighted public man in the United States should do his utmost to keep a cordial working agreement of sympathy between the two nations. These three facts should be continually in the minds of every good American; and especially at this precise moment.

Japan’s sudden rise into a foremost position among the Occidental civilized powers has been an extraordinary phenomenon. There has been nothing in the past in any way approaching it. No other nation in history has ever so quickly entered the circle of civilized powers. It took the yellow-haired barbarians of the North who overthrew Rome six or eight centuries before the civilization they built up even began to approach the civilization they had torn town; whereas Japan tore down nothing and yet reached the level of her western neighbors in half a century. Moreover, she entered the circle of the higher civilization bearing gifts in both hands. Her appreciation of art and nature, her refinement of life, and many of her social conventions, together with her extraordinary and ennobling patriotism, convey lessons to us of America and Europe which we shall do well to learn. Every thoughtful American who dwells on the relations between Japan and the United States must realize that each has something to learn from the other.

In this war Japan has played a great and useful part. That she had her special and peculiar grievances against Germany goes without saying. So had we. She took these grievances to account precisely as we took our grievances into account. But she signed herself on the side of humanity and freedom and justice exactly as we did. Her duty has been, first of all, to drive Germany from the Pacific and to police and protect the Orient. If she had not done this it is probable that at the present moment a British and American force would be besieging Kiao-Chau and that our commerce would be suffering from German raids in the Pacific. Great Britain and the United States are able to keep their fleets out of the Pacific at this moment because the Japanese fleet is there. But she has done much more than this. Gradually, as the war has grown, she has extended her assistance all over the globe. Her volunteers have appeared in that most hazardous of all military branches, the air service, at the extreme fighting front. She has sent her destroyers to protect English and American troop ships and cargo ships in the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean. Japan’s part has been great; far greater than anything that she was called upon to do by her alliance with Great Britain. She first captured Kiao-Chau, and sank all of the Austrian and German ships out of the Pacific. *Soon thereafter she lent three of her cruisers to Russia to strengthen her fleet in the Baltic. At present her destroyers in the Mediterranean Sea and off the coasts of England, Spain, and France. Her submarines have been working in company with the Italians. The Transports from Australia and New Zealand have been conveyed safely by Japanese warships. Our own war vessels are free for convoying our troops across the Atlantic largely because of what Japan has done in the Pacific. She supplied enormous quantities of arms and munitions to Russia. She lent Russia heavy guns, and loaned her millions of dollars. She has given to the Allies quantities of copper. She has sent medical units to England, France, Russia, Serbia, and Rumania. She has offset the German intrigue in India. One in twenty-eight of the people of Japan belong to the Japanese Red Cross; one in four of the Japanese in this country are in the American Red Cross. Two thousand Japanese are fighting in the Canadian Army. ** Japan has done everything she has been asked to do or permitted to do in this war. And this statement will be questioned by no human being who is both honest and acquainted with the actual facts.

Yet, at this very time, when Japan’s sons are fighting beside ours in the waters of the Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay and the North Sea and in the air over the western front, there are blatant Americans who have served Germany against America, who have played the German game to the limit, by striving to make trouble between Japan and the United States; by seeking every way  to rouse suspicion and distrust of Japan in the United States; and by doing all that malevolent and unscrupulous baseness can do to taunt Japan into hostility to our country. There are in this country certain demagogic politicians, certain agitators seeking notoriety, and certain conscienceless and sensation-mongering newspaper owners and writers who are willing to make money or obtain preferment for themselves by any appeal to distrust and suspicion, no matter what infinite harm it does to this country. These sordid creatures have worked hand in glove with the scarcely more sordid creatures who are paid by Germany in downright cash to advance Germany’s aims, whether by striving to provoke an ill-will that might eventually produce war between the United States and Japan or in any other fashion. They have been guilty of conduct so shameful that it cannot be too strongly condemned.

Japan has a real admiration for America, dating back for sixty years to the time of Perry. The two nations have been in relations of close friendship. The Japanese have patiently borne misrepresentation, insults, and false accusations from various authors, writers, and public speakers of this country. They are a proud nation. They have suffered under this vilification. They have believed that our people would themselves realize the injustice of these attacks. Their belief is justified. Our people are beginning to understand that of recent years that most flagrant of these attacks have been made by German agents who worked diligently and secretly with ample Government money to create distrust between the two countries. The time has come for us Americans to show our trust and confidence in Japan as a great, loyal, modern people, whose seat at the table of the family of nations is next to ours, and who sit there on a full equality with all other civilized peoples. The rights and duties of the United States and Japan toward each other musts be treated on a basis of exact reciprocal equality. Each must have full control of all things vitally affected its own well-being; each must treat the other with frank and loyal courtesy and consideration.

The origin and persistence of German propaganda for the purpose of embroiling Japan and the United States is now fairly well recognized. Yet until Viscount Ishii openly and publicly accused Germany of being the agent of this nefarious work, the people of our country knew practically nothing about it. At a reception given by the National Press Club in Washington to Viscount Ishii as the head of the commission from Japan, September, 1917, he made an address which was for the most part devoted to exposing these insidious efforts of Germany. He said in part:

“For more than ten years a propaganda has been carried on in this country, in Japan, and, in fact, throughout the world, for the one and sole purpose of keeping nations of the Far East and Far West as far apart as possible; to break up existing treaties and understanding; to create distrust, suspicion, and unkindly feeling between neighbors in the Far East and in the West, and all in order that Germany might secure advantages in the confusion. I do not think that you, gentlemen, in your busy lives here during the last ten years have given more than passing attention to developments in the Far East. The well-equipped agent of your enemy and mine has taken advantage of your preoccupation or of your kindly credulity. For many years his work was easy. The world was flooded with talks of Japan’s military aspirations and Japan’s duplicity. Have these been borne out by history? Even now the German publicity agent whispers first in your ear and then in mine.”

His story is specious, and is told in dim light which falls upon sympathetic pictures cleverly painted by himself and presented to you and to me in the past. To the accompaniment of appeals to the human heart he tells to me other stories of your duplicity and to you of mine.

“For twelve years, gentlemen, up to the present time, those agents have worked among us and elsewhere persistently and cleverly. They have been supplied with unlimited resources. No wonder we have been deceived. A short time ago a bad blunder gave us a clue. The Zimmermann note to Mexico involving Japan was a blunder. It made such a noise that we were disturbed in our slumbers and so were you. This gave a check for a time, but since the agents have been hard at work. They were at work yesterday, and they are at work today. Every prejudice, every sympathy, every available argument has been appealed to and used to show to your people and to ours what a low, cunning enemy we have each in the other, and how much dependent we are upon the future friendship, support, and good-will of Germany.”

The Zimmermann note was an official invitation from Germany to Japan and Mexico to join in dismembering the United States; for Germany has with cynically impartial bad faith striven to draw her own profit from the ill-will she has endeavored to excite in each of the two nations, Japan and America. Every American public man, newspaper editor, speaker or writer who since the publication of the Zimmermann note has striven to excite America against Japan has been deliberately playing Germany’s game against this country. Such action amounts to moral treason to the United States.

If any person thinks this too strong a statement, I call his attention to the recent deliberate utterances of Secretary of State Lansing, ex-Secretary of State Root, and ex-Ambassador Gerard.

Mr. Lansing says: “There had unquestionably been growing up between the peoples of the two countries (Japan and the United States) a feeling of suspicion as to the motives inducing the activities of the other in the Far East, a feeling which, if unchecked, promised to develop a serious situation. Rumors and reports of improper intentions were increasing and were more and more believed. Legitimate commercial and industrial enterprises without ulterior motives were presumed to have political significance, with the result that opposition to those enterprises was aroused in the other country. The attitude of constraint and doubt thus created was fostered and encouraged by the campaign of falsehood which for a long time had been adroitly and secretly carried on by Germans whose Government, as part of its foreign policy, desired especially to so alienate this country and Japan that it would be at the chosen time no difficult task to cause a rupture of their good relations. Unfortunately there were people in both countries, many of whom were entirely honest in their beliefs, who accepted every false rumor as true, and aided the German propaganda by declaring that their Government should prepare for the conflict which they asserted was inevitable, that the interests of the two nations in the Far East were hostile, and that every activity of the other country in the Pacific had a sinister purpose.”

Mr. Root says: “There never has been in this country, so far as my observation and reading go, any more dangerous and persistent misrepresentation regarding the relations, the purposes, the character of another country with which we have relations than in the case of the relations between the United States and Japan. I haven’t the slightest doubt that the misrepresentations and the attempts to create the feeling among the people who have it all in their hands now, the attempts to create bad feeling between the United States and Japan, have been very largely the result of a fixed and settled purpose and that purpose, it seems to me, growing day by day more clear, was the purpose that formed a part of the policy of the great ruling caste of Germany which is attempting to subjugate the world today.

“For many years I was very familiar with our Department of Foreign Affairs, and for some years I was especially concerned in its operation. During that time there were many difficult, perplexing, and doubtful questions to be discussed and settled between the United States and Japan. During that time the thoughtless or malicious section of the press was doing its worst. During that time the demagogue seeking cheap reputation by stirring up the passions of the people to whom it appealed was doing his worst. There were many incidents out of which quarrels and conflicts might have arisen, and I hope you will all remember what I say. I say that, during all that period, there never was a moment when the Government of Japan was not frank, sincere, friendly, and most solicitous not to enlarge but to minimize and do away with all causes of controversy. No one who has any familiarity at all with life can be mistaken in a negotiation as to whether the one with whom he is negotiating is trying to be frank or trying to bring on a quarrel. That is a fundamental thing that you cannot be mistaken about. And there was never a more consistent and noble advocacy of peace, of international friendship and of real, good understanding in the diplomacy of this world than was exhibited by the representatives of  Japan, both here and in Japan, during all these years in their relations to the United States. I wish for no better, no more frank and friendly intercourse by which Japan in those years illustrated the best qualities of the new diplomacy as between rulers.”

Mr. Gerard says: “All during the winter of 1914 Berlin Germans from the highest down tried to impress me with the great danger which they said threatened America from Japan. The military and naval attaches of the United States Embassy and I were told that the German information system sent news that Mexico was full of Japanese colonies and America of Japanese spies. Possibly much of the prejudice in America against the Japanese was cooked up by German propagandists, which we later learned to know so well.”

Japan’s friendliness and good faith were strikingly shown in the early days of the war, when the question arose whether, in case of war between the United States and Japan, Great Britain would be obliged to assist Japan. This was excitedly discussed here and in England. The proposed treaty of arbitration between Great Britain and the United States came up about this time and it was found that such a treaty was precluded by the terms of the alliance between Great Britain and Japan. It was at Japan’s request that the terms of her treaty with Great Britain be revised so as to remove the obstacle to the arbitration treaty to which Great Britain consented. This was Japan’s contribution to universal peace. Regarding this, Viscount Ishii said in his address to the National Press Club in Washington, “Now if Japan had the remotest intention of appealing to arms against America, how could she thus voluntarily have renounced the all-important cooperation of Great Britain? It would have been widely quixotic. Treaties are not ‘scraps of paper’ to Great Britain. Japan knew she could rely on Great Britain religiously to carry out her promise. It was my good fortune to be in the Foreign Office at Tokio at the time of the revision of the Treaty of Alliance with Great Britain, and, modest as was the part I took therein, I can give you the personal and emphatic assurance that there was at the time no one in the Government or among the public of Japan opposed to the terms of that revision. There is, one may surely be safe in saying, only one way to interpret this attitude of Japan. It is the most signal proof- if, indeed, any proof is needed – that to the Japanese Government and nation anything like armed conflict with America is simply unthinkable.”

Japan, alone among the Allies, has borrowed no money from the United States; and she has lent hundreds of millions to the other allied nations. The Japanese have made a record in war charities during the last four years which is of really extraordinary fineness and disinterestedness. The women of Japan used the same methods for raising money to be sent to Belgium and Serbia and elsewhere that our own women did. They had their “Japan Belgian Relief Society,” their “Japan Serbian Relief Society,” & they sent $150,000 to the Italian refugees who lost their homes when the Teutonic armies invaded Italy. Stimulated by these smaller but very active organizations, a movement was started which spread from end to end of the empire and then across to Korea. Its title is “The Japanese Association for Aiding the Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Others Suffering from the War with Allied Countries.” Its President is Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, President of the House of Peers. The Vice President is Baron Shibusawa, the financier so well known in this country. This fund collected amounted to $1,000,000 and was distributed as follows:

To Great Britain $184,000

France             184,000

Russia              184,000

Italy                 184,000

Belgium           184,000

Serbia              60,000

Rumania          60,000

Ordinarily funds of this size and character are distributed by a committee, but this association adopted a less expensive and much more modern method. The money was sent to the Japanese official representatives in the various countries. A pamphlet was published in Japanese and in English under the title “Japan to Her Allies,” which stated the purposes of the association and also included articles written by leading men of the country, in which they set forth their sympathy with the sufferers, their opinion of Germany’s responsibility for the war, and her abominable methods of conducting it, and their belief in the ultimate victory, of the Allies. It is a remarkable publication; nothing quite equal to it has originated in any of the Occidental countries. The quality of the pamphlet is shown by the following quotation from the dignified and impressive statement of Count Terauchi, the Prime Minister and official spokesman of the Japanese people: “Far removed as the Empire of Japan is from the centre of action, and little as the people of Japan has suffered in comparison with their European allies, Japan and her people, none the less, know the meaning of war, and are able, therefore, to appreciate the sufferings and sacrifices of their allies as their own. The people of Japan feel themselves one with the people of the invaded countries, just as the people of the Allies do. They are one in sympathy and in the fight for international justice, and stand ready to share the hardships of the struggle to the fullest extent. *** As the Prime Minister of Japan it is my privilege and pleasure hereby to express the sympathy and good-will of the people of Japan for the allied armies and peoples in this day of trial. *** Though the amount contributed may seem no more than a mere trifle in comparison with the need of the suffering nations, the heartfelt sympathy and admiration of a whole nation go with it. Those who receive the gift of Japan may well look upon it as the widow’s mite that means more than all of the offerings of the rich.”

There is not time in this message to discuss fully our proper relations to Japan; I have set them forth as I see them- and as I see our proper position as regards all our international relations- in my book “Fear God and Take Your Own Part.” But there is always time to point out the elemental fact that this country should feel for Japan a peculiar admiration and respect, and that one of the cardinal principals of our foreign policy should be to secure and retain her friendship, respect, and good-will. There is not the slightest real or necessary conflict of interest between the United States and Japan in the Pacific; her interest as in Asia, ours in America; neither has any desire or excuse for acquiring territory in the other continent. Japan is placing a great part in the civilized world; a good understanding between her and the United States is essential to international progress, and it is a grave offense against the United States for any man by word or deed to jeopardize this good understanding.

The case has been put in a nutshell in Viscount Ishii’s eloquent and appealing address at Fair Haven, Mass., on July 4, which he closed with these words:

We trust you, we love you, and, if you will let us, we will walk at your side in loyal good-fellowship down all the coming years.

All good Americans should act toward Japan in precisely the spirit shown toward America by this able and eloquent Japanese statesman.

 

*The names of the three Japanese cruisers that were given back to Russia after the outbreak of the war, together with their original Russian names, are: Sagami, (Per aviet) 12,074 tons: Tango, (Poltava.) 10,960 tons, and Soya, (Varyag) 6,500 tons.

** Japan has financed her own part in the war without borrowing and has lent more than $500,000,000 to England, France, and Russia.

 

 

THE ART OF PEACE highlights the exciting and inspiring achievements of Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa, offering a new perspective and clarity on Japan and U.S. Japan relations during this fascinating and often tumultuous period of history.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AVAILABLE THRU AMAZON:

General Reader Edition

Expanded Edition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE EMPEROR AND THE SPY is an exciting, historical espionage novel about the adventurous life of a masterful U.S. intelligence agent, Colonel Sidney Forrester Mashbir. The 2019 Revised Edition has just been published – Among Mashbir’s many exploits during his long military and diplomatic career, this saga presents his friendship with Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa, and their alliance to maintain goodwill between their nations.

Print, EBook & Audiobook thru AMAZON

Print  &  EBook thru BARNES & NOBLE and other book outlets

 

Friendship & Alliance between Presidents Theodore Roosevelt & William Howard Taft with the Japanese leaders Baron Shibusawa & Prince Tokugawa and a Tour of the Japanese Friendship Garden San Diego

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The Spirit of International Goodwill 

 

 

 

 

President Roosevelt – Prince Tokugawa – Baron Shibusawa – President Taft

During the first decades of the 1900s, these four accomplished statesmen allied together to promote amity between their nations.

This relief sculpture has been accented with metallic paint to look like a bronze – If the Japanese Friendship Garden in Balboa Park, San Diego welcomes this gift, it will be cast in bronze and be presented as a token of goodwill from the San Diego World Affairs Council (a chapter of the World Affairs Councils of America) and perhaps also from the San Diego Diplomacy Council & the East West Center – Fine organizations that support international cooperation for a more peaceful and democratic world.

TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com website presents additional blog posts revealing the strong alliance between them.

The inspiration for this sculpture arose while the author of this blog was researching for the biography The Art of Peace, which highlights the friendship and political alliance between these four leaders. It includes hundreds of illustrations, including many rare photos, offering a new perspective on U.S. Japan relations during the first half of the twentieth century, and illustrates that nations come together thru their mutual appreciation of one another’s arts and culture – To further enhance the friendship between the U.S. and Japan today a gift of a bronze sculpture was created by the author of this article to honor these four fine diplomats, who worked shoulder to shoulder in the pursuit of peace.

Below is the clay version of the sculpture

President Theodore Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) 

In office as president from September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909.

Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for guiding the arbitration that ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.  

                        

Prince Tokugawa Iesato aka Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940)         

President of Japan’s upper house of congress The House of Peers for thirty years from 1903-1933. He was also the President of the Japanese Red Cross Society and headed many other significant Japanese organizations. Prince Tokugawa took a pivotal guiding role in both the Japanese gifting of the Cherry Blossom Trees to Washington, D.C. in 1912 and in this gesture of international goodwill becoming the official National Cherry Blossom Festival beginning in 1935, an event celebrated annually by hundreds of thousands of U.S. citizens and visitors from around the world. 

           

Baron Shibusawa Eiichi aka Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (1840-1931)     

Known as the ‘Father of Japan’s modern economic system,‘ Shibusawa helped launch hundreds of business ventures as well as social service organizations, including universities, hospitals, social welfare and international relations/relief organizations. 

Baron Shibusawa was twice nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize for the years 1926 and 1927.

               

President William Howard Taft (1857 – 1930)

In office as president March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913

President Taft and his wife First Lady Helen Herron Taft were the official U.S. recipients the Japanese Gift of Cherry Blossom Trees in 1912. 

Eight years after his presidency, Taft became the first U.S. President to later become the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930.

 

 

You are now invited to take a brief tour of the beautiful Japanese Friendship Garden.

 

Here is the link to the Japanese Friendship Garden Official Website: http://www.niwa.org/

Their mission statement: to develop a traditional Japanese garden as a center to educate, engage, and inspire people of diverse backgrounds about Japanese culture and community legacy.

 

An outside view from inside of one of the tranquil buildings in the garden.

Photos taken by the author of this blog on August 2019

 

 

 

                           

Near the entrance to the Japanese Friendship Garden is a presentation board displaying the history of this beautiful place, whose roots go back to the 1915-1916 Pan-American Exposition, where there was a popular Japanese Teahouse that was enjoyed by many visitors. Over the following century, the hospitality theme of that teahouse has evolved into the current Japanese Friendship Garden. Much of the impressive architecture that today comprises the expansive Balboa Park in San Diego, were part of that exposition.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Charles C. Dail Memorial Gate (above)

Close-up view (below) of the Bronze plaque near the gate honoring Charles C. Dail, who was the Mayor of San Diego from 1953-1963 and the Founder of the San Diego – Yokohama Sister Cities Program.

 

 

Above: in the distance, a mother reads a statue’s dedication plaque, while her daughter (seated to the left) appreciatively looks at the lovely Buddhist statue in the shadows, which is called ‘The Goddess of Mercy and Compassion’ – To learn more about this sculpture from the 1700s, the dedication plaque describes its fascinating history.

 

Hope you enjoyed your visit to the Japanese Friendship Garden. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE ART OF PEACE book cover presents Prince Tokugawa receiving an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from the University of Southern California. The president of the university Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid hands the degree to Prince Tokugawa on March 19th, 1934. This presentation took place during a special luncheon given in Los Angeles, hosted by George I. Cochran, the president of USC’s Board of Trustees. Prince Iyesato Tokugawa was accompanied by his son Iyemasa, the newly appointed Minister to Canada.

Left to right in photo: Prince Iyesato Tokugawa; Iyemasa Tokugawa; George I. Cochran; Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid.

In accepting the honor, Tokugawa respectfully said,

“He wished to receive it in the name of the Japanese people as a whole rather than as a personal distinction.”

During Prince Tokugawa’s 1934 visit to Los Angeles, The Los Angeles Times stated that a banquet dinner in his honor was hosted by the Japan America Society of Los Angeles. The Japan America Society of Los Angeles is now known as the Japan America Society of Southern California, its goal

“Building Japan-America Relationships Since 1909“

In 1909, during the first year of The Japan America Society of Los Angeles, they had also welcomed and hosted Baron Eiichi Shibusawa and fifty members of his goodwill/trade delegation.

 

THE ART OF PEACE biography highlights U.S. – Japan relations during the first half of the twentieth century.

The friendship and alliance between Prince Tokugawa, Baron Shibusawa and President Roosevelt and President Taft is presented as part of this history.

EBook Available thru Amazon in two Versions:

Expanded Edition

 

The General Reader Edition of PRINCE TOKUGAWA’S BIOGRAPHY IS TITLED:

THE ART OF DIPLOMACY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AVAILABLE IN PRINT AND KINDLE EBOOK

 

 

 

 

INDEX from THE ART OF PEACE

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The Art of Peace presents the inspiring life and accomplishments of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (aka Prince Tokugawa Iesato –  1863-1940), an amazing international statesmen and humanitarian. The biography is available in two versions: the more streamlined General reader edition and the ‘Expanded’ edition, which includes additional historical notes and an Index…This Index is presented further below to assist historians/educators/students doing research about this intriguing period of history, and for those pursuing genealogical research about their family members who were socially or politically active during that period.

*Prince Iyesato Tokugawa took a pivotal role as the bridge between the Tokugawa Shogunate that had ruled Japan for centuries (1603-1867) and Japan’s emergence as a modern industrial/ political/cultural state – As president for thirty years of Japan’s upper house of congress (the Imperial Diet), Prince Tokugawa took a leading role in shaping Japan’s domestic policies, while on the international stage, he was very much the diplomatic face of his nation, engaging with the most influential international leaders of his day.

Often working behind the scenes, Tokugawa was given little recognition – His biography offers a new window to U.S. Japan History – also highlighted, are many Japanese and non-Japanese who allied with Tokugawa, such as the international statesmen and business financier, Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (aka Baron Shibusawa Eiichi – 1840-1931), who is known as the ‘Father of the Japanese Modern Economy”. Shibusawa and Tokugawa often worked together to establish social welfare programs in Japan, and also created many business and cultural connections to the outside world. They advocated democratic principles and courageously promoted amity and respect among nations.

Utilizing hundreds of illustrations, The Art of Peace illuminates many important unknown historical events, which continue to have significant influence on the world of today.

Amazon link to: ‘Expanded’ Digital Ebook Edition:

THE ART OF PEACE

 

INDEX

 

(When the letter ‘n’ follows page numbers and has a number after it – that tells you that that topic is presented within a Chapter note having that number.)

 

AAS (American Antiquarian Society), 223

Abe, Shinzo, 580, 587–88, 600–605n25

Abraham Lincoln Commemorative Medal, 116

academic medals to Japanese students, 115

Academic WorldQuest™ (AWQ), 594n13

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 166

ACJ (American Center Japan), 484n3

Adachi, Mineichirō, 64n11, 591n5

Adrenalin®, 216n5

Aesthetic Dancers, 377

Akihito (Emperor of Japan), 269, 474, 478, 566, 568

Akihito (Empress of Japan), 566

Akitake Tokugawa Delegation, 186

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 189–191

Alger, Mrs. Russell A., 351n6

Alice in Asia The 1905 Taft Mission to Asia As told in Crowded Hours Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (exhibition), 359, 381n3

Alice Roosevelt Longworth Collection, 382n3

Allies, 21–22, 39–57, 101n3, 471

Amau, Mrs. Eiji, 341n4, 346n5

Ambrose, Edna, 351n6

America-Japan Society (AJS)

academic medals given to Japanese students, 115

American All-Stars luncheon, 406

continued today, 580

dinner honoring Garden Club, 319

Fiftieth Anniversary of Grant’s death, 114

Garden Club of America (GCA) visit, 314–356

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Lincoln essay contest, 115–120

mission statement, 420n2

origins of, 595n14

Special Bulletin with Tokuda’s essay, 118

stone lantern gift, 174–180

American All-Star Baseball Team, 32, 405–7

American Antiquarian Society (AAS), 223

American Center Japan (ACJ), 484n3

American Hebrew and Jewish Messenger (journal), 511–15, 550–54n8

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

American Minister to Japan, Harris, 184

American Pictorial (magazine), 67, 75–77

American pragmatism and Chinese modernization Importing the Missouri model of journalism education to modern China (Volz and Lee), 181n3

American Red Cross, 546n1

American School in Tokyo, 422

American Sports Congress, 173

American Stock Exchange, 31, 370

American Union Bank, 272

American Youth Hostel, 173

Anesaki, Masaharu, 162n5

Anglo-Japanese exposition. See Japanese-British Exhibition

Anti-Comintern Pact, 434

anti-Semitism, 508, 521, 537–39

Aoki, Setsuichi, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5, 589n1

Aoyama Funeral Hall, 498

Aoyama Gakuin University, 115

Arai, Gyoji, 344n5

Arai, Mrs. Ryoichiro, 342n4, 345n5

Arai, Mrs. Yoneo, 341n4, 345n5

Araki, Sadao, 311n8

Arc de Triomphe, 451

Arlington National Cemetery, 267, 296

Armenian genocide, 204–7, 217n8

Armenian Relief Committee of Japan, 206–7, 217n8

Armenian Weekly (magazine), 204–7, 217n8, 218n9

arms limitation treaty, 509

arms race, 67

. See also Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 359, 382n3

Asabuki, Tsunekichi, 346n5

Asahi (newspaper), 59n5, 189, 386n14, 388n16

Asano, Jinshichi, 342n4

Asano, Ryozo, 162n5, 343n4

Asayama, Tominosuke, 344n5

asbarez.com, 218n10

Ashbury Park Press (newspaper), 312n10

Ashino, Kimiko, 341n4, 347n5

Ashton, Mr. and Mrs. James M., 352n6

assassination attempt against Yuasa, 502

Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, 189

Austin, Mrs. J. Alex, 350n6

Avenue des Champs-Élysées, 451

Awa Maru, S.S., 374

Axis Power allies, 435

 

Babbitt, Sarah Carter, 350n6

Babkenian, Vicken, 218n10

Bacon, Augustus Octavius, 29, 30, 372

Bakumatsu Osaka Castle, 18n1

Baldwin, Mrs. Karl, 87

Balfour, Arthur James, 80, 89

Ballantine, Joseph W., 137

Baltimore News-Post (newspaper), 429

Bank of Japan, 497, 505n2

bank runs, during Great Depression, 272

Barger, Edna, 351n6

Barnes, Mrs. John S., 353n6

Barreras Jr., Antonio, 97

baseball, 32, 405–7

Baseball Hall of Fame, 407

Bates, Frances C., 353n6

Battle of Tsushima Strait (1905), 24

Bedford Garden Club, Bedford Hills, NY, 349n6

Beebe, Mr. and Mrs. Marcus, 354n8

Benes, Eduard, 62n7

benevolence (jewel regalia), 486

Bennett, Richard B., 62n7

Besange, Robert Jacquinot de, 521–22

Betty (daughter of Joseph W. Ballantine), 137

Bickel, Karl, 279

Big Nine (chief delegates), 79

Billy, Robert de, 591n5

birthday anniversary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, 464

Bismarck, Otto von 12 Black Tuesday, 12

Black Tuesday, 272

Blood Brotherhood of Japan, 501

Boardman, Mabel T., 546n1

Boardman, Mrs. William J., 546n1

Board of Tourist Industry, 408

Bohr, Nils, 468, 484n4

Bolshevik Revolution, 74, 101n3

Bone, Scott C., 306n6

Borah, William, 274

Borden, Robert, 89

Bovard, Mrs. Oliver K., 352n6

Boyd, Lizzie E., 350n6

Brandegee, Frank B., 30, 372

Briand, Aristide, 80, 89, 546n1

Brooke, John M., 18n2, 20

Brookings, Robert S., 61n7

Brooks, Brian, 177–78

Brown, Mr. and Mrs. Theodore E., 351n6

Bruce, S. M., 306n6

Buat, Edmond, 546n1

Buchanan, James, 19

Buckingham Palace, 447

Buffalo Commercial (newspaper), 103n8

Buffalo Times (newspaper), 103n9

Bulkley, Jonathan, 352n6

Bulkley, Mrs. Jonathan, 318, 320, 348n6, 352n6

Buma, Mrs. Kyoichi, 328, 347n5

Bunker, Frank F., 306n6

Burleson, Albert S., 30, 372

Burlington Free Press (newspaper), 270n1

Burnett, Charles, 119, 456, 458

Burnham, David, 350n6

Burnham, Mrs. Claude G., 350n6

Bush, Laura, 393n21

Butler, Nicholas Murray, 62n7, 167, 255–58

 

Cabell, Mrs. Henry F., 352n6

Caldwell, Barbara, 379

calligraphy, 16, 210

Canada/Japan relations, 592n8

canned interviews, 34, 371, 386n15

Cannon, Joseph Gurney, 30, 372

Carlos and Malú Alvarez Academic WorldQuest National Competition, 594n13

Carmody, Dr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Carnegie, Andrew, 33

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 33, 61n7, 257, 258, 372

Carnegie Institute, 33, 372

Carnegie Steel Corporation, 258

Carnegie Steel Mills, 33, 372

Carnets magazine, 248n2

Carpenter, Fred W., 58n2, 381n2

Carter, Thomas H., 30, 372

caste system, 121

Catonsville Garden Club, MD, 349n6

Cattler, M. Felician, 546n1

Century Publishing, NY, 221

Chamberlain to the Imperial Court, Tokugawa, 440

cherry blossoms

gift of trees, 32, 200, 334, 357–379, 392n21, 583

historical/cultural overview, 380n1

viewing party, 130

Washington, D.C., 261, 374

Chestnut Hill Garden Club, MA, 349n6

“Chicago–1930” (Marvin), 244, 248n2

Chicago Stadium, 242

Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 386n15

Chicago World’s Fair, 312n11, 404

Chichibu (prince), 444

Chichibu Maru, M.S., 315

Chida, Hiroshi, 109

children’s orphanages, 133

Chilton, Mrs. William E., 350n6

Chinda, Iwa, 374, 392n21

Chinda, Sutemi, 200, 203, 217n6, 374

Chinese-American citizens, 25

Chinese civilians, 508, 542–44

Chinese delegation, 89

Cho, Tsugiyoshi, 484n5

Choate, Joseph H., 61n7

Choate, Mabel, 348n6, 350n6

Chrysanthemum flower, 486

Cincinnati Garden Club, OH, 349n6

civil war, in Japan, 410

Civil War, U.S., 25, 104, 107–8, 116

Clark, E. Warren, 13–15, 20n4

Claudel, Paul, 274

Clear, W. J., 458

Cleveland Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Clinton, Hillary, 392n21

Cochran, George Ira, 165, 181n1, 571

Coe, Mrs. Henry E., 349n6

Cohasset Garden Club, MA, 349n6

Cold War, 436

colonialism, 23, 74, 125, 221

Columbia Broadcasting System, 62n7

Columbia University, 167, 257

Committee for the Advancement of the Negro Race (1906), 220

Committee on World Friendship Among Children, 138

communism, 250, 414, 443–46, 470

Congress Hall by Night, Japan-British Exhibition, 37

Connecticut Valley Garden Club, 349n6

Constitution (1889), 21

Continental Hall, 78

Coolidge, Calvin, 87, 273, 274, 306n6

Coolidge, Mrs. Calvin, 546n1

Coolidge, Mrs. Harold J., 351n6

cornerstone laying dedication ceremony, 422

Cornig, Mrs. Erastus, 354n8

Costin, Alex, 548n6

Country Life magazine, 249

Court of Progress, Japan-British Exhibition, 36

Craig, Malin, 268

Crane, Mrs. Carey, 341n4

Crane, Mrs. W. C., 346n5

Cross, Mary R., 348n6, 351n6

Cummings, Hugh S., 286

Curley, James Michael, 263

 

Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd., 216n5

daimyo lords, 3

Dai Nihonshi (history book started by Mitsukuni), 598n19

Dan, Baroness Ino, 341n4, 346n5

Dan, Ino, 162n5, 343n4, 344n5, 345n5

Dan, Takuma, 490, 496, 499, 501, 505n2

dan system, 409

Darby, William L., 141, 160n2

Darrach, Mrs. William, 348n6, 350n6

Daughters of the American Revolution Memorial Hall, 73

Davis, Mrs. Livingston, 349n6

Davison, Henry P., 53, 54

Davison, Marion M., 337n3

Davison, Mrs. Chesebrough, 351n6

Dayton Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Deacon, Richard, 495

death threats and assassinations, 493–503, 505n2

Debuchi, Katsuji, 259–261, 274, 275, 426, 463–65

Debuchi, Mrs. Katsuji, 259, 261, 346n5

Debuchi, Takako, 341n4, 347n5

De Forest, J. H., 384n11

demilitarized areas. See safe zones

Den, Makoto, 344n5

Denby, Edwin, 93

Denby, Jr., Charles, 93, 94

Denby, Mrs. Charles, 546n1

Densho (educational organization), 128, 135n3

Densho Encyclopedia, 135n3

Department of Cinema, USC, 166

Depew, Chauncey, 29, 372

Dern, George H., 311n8

DeYoung, M. H., 32, 370

Dillingsworth, Lt., 458

diplomacy, 229–247

diplomatic/education events, 579–580

diplomatic mission sent by Shogun Iemochi, 6–7

disabilities, 129–133

disarmament movement. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

discrimination, 123–25, 139, 160n2, 384n11, 424, 509

documentary films, 267, 270n4, 524–25, 547n5

Doi, Michio, 213n2

Doi, Mitsutomo, 589n1

Dolls of Friendship: The Story of a Goodwill Project between the Children of America and Japan, 138, 160n2

Dome of the U.S. Capitol, 73

Domoto, Insho, 163n6

Domoto, Tomiko, 340n4, 347n5

Dotzler, Carl (Karl), 590n3

Doughty, Mrs. L. G., 352n6

Duchess de Rohan, 57

Dunn, James Clement, 286

DuPont, Mrs. William K., 348n6, 353n6

Durrach, Mrs. W., 318

Dyer, Brainerd, 95

Dzumoto, M., 214n2

 

Early, Stephen T., 286

East & West Meeting, 198–202

Easthampton Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Eavesdropping on Hell Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (Hanyok), 537–39, 549n7

Edgar Thomson Steel Mills, 33, 372

Edison, Thomas Alva, 190

Edoff, Mrs. Frank J., 352n6

Edo Inheritance, The (Tsunenari), 598n20

Education Conference, Pan-Pacific, 168–173

Education for International Co-operation, 173

Edward (King of England), 58n1

Eisenhower, Mamie, 392n21

Eliot, Charles W., 61n7

Elliott, Mrs. Stewart, 353n6

Ely, Joseph B., 263

Emmanuel III, Victor, 22

Emperor and the Spy, The (Heifetz), 142, 455, 478, 482, 533, 545, 580

Emperor Meiji Shrine, 427

Englewood Garden Club, NJ, 349n6

English, Mrs. Robert P., 349n6

Enlai, Zhou, 545

Enomoto, Mrs. Ryuichiro, 341n4, 347n5

enthronement, 463, 486–492

Enthronement (book), 488–89

Enthronement Edition, 488–492, 504n1, 505n2

Eppley, Marion, 351n6

Escape to the Rising Sun (film), 547n5

Esperanto, 173

Espy, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur, 349n6

ETA. See Suiheisha Society

Ethiopia, 508, 527–28

Eton College, 11–12

Evening Star (newspaper), 29, 59n4, 372, 387n16

Evening Sun (newspaper), 526

Exchange Club, The, 481, 485n6

Executive Committee, Exhibition Advisory Committee, 345n5

Exil Shanghai (film), 547n5

expansionism, American, 23

 

Fairchild, David, 363

Fairfield Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Family of Nations broadcast, 62n7

farm communities, 301

Farrington, Wallace R., 306n6

Father of Modern Japanese Banking and Capitalism. See Shibusawa, Eiichi

Favre, Guillaume, 520

Faymonville, P. R., 458

Feast of Peach Blossoms (Doll’s Festival), 137

Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, 160n1

feudalism, 3

Field Museum of Natural History, 267

Fife, Mrs. Robert H., 318, 320, 348n6, 351n6

Fifteen Lectures on Showa Japan, Road to the Pacific War in Recent Historiography (Kiyotada), 506n3, 580, 593n12

Finley, John Huston, 225

first ladies, U.S., 392–93n21

First National Bank, 188

Fisher, Tony, 478, 481

Fishing Boat on a Dark Night (Buson), 158

Flame of Peace, 416

Fleisher, Benjamin W., 504n1

Fleisher, Mrs. B. W., 342n4, 346n5

Foch, Marshal, 262

Fock, D., 306n6

Fontainebleau Palace, 450

Forbes, W. Cameron, 397

Force, Mrs. R. C., 352n6

Ford, Alexander Hume, 304n6, 306n6, 309n7

Foster, Charles H., 546n1

Foster, John W., 61n7

Four Counties Garden Club, PA, 349n6

Four-Power Pacific Pact, 295

Four-Power Treaty, 75–77

Franca, Jose de Francisco de Horta Machado de, 80

France-Japan House, Tokyo, 570, 591n5

Franco, Afranio De Mello, 62n7

Frasconi, Antonio, 599n24

Frazar, E. W., 240, 241, 484n5

freedom of the press, 174–180

Freer Gallery of Art, 359, 382n3

French Consulate in Tokyo, 570

French-Japanese friendship, 570

Friendship Dolls, 137

Fuji, Chief Judge, 501

Fujita, Heitaro, 342n4

Fujita, Hisanori, 475

Fujiyama, Raita, 314, 342n4

Fujiye, N., 214n2

Fukui, Genjiro, 216n5

Fukui, Kikusaburo, 162n5, 163n6, 342n4

Fukui, Mrs. Kikusaburo, 342n4

Fukushima, Mrs. Kisaji, 341n4, 346n5

funeral service for Junnosuke Inouye, 498

 

Gallagher, Mrs. J. O., 352n6

Gallinger, Jacob Harold, 29, 30, 372

Games of the XII Olympiad, 408

garden, owned by Baron Iwasaki, 327

Garden Club of America (GCA)

additional history about, 353n7

commemorative books, 333, 336

delegates and their companions list, 348–353n6

Farewell Dinner, Kyoto, 326

General Committee members photo, 330–32

gift to Japan, 378

group photo individuals list, 339–343n4

leadership positions in the General Committee for Reception, 343n5

musical pieces, America-Japan Dinner, 337n2

Nijo Palace visit, 325

Photographic Diary, 317–332, 336, 337n1, 354–56n8

reception for visitors, 318

schedule of activities for delegates, 322–23

visit to Japan, 314–356

Yagi’s garden visit, 324

Garden Club of Oranges, East Orange, NJ, 351n6

Garden of Peace, Japan-British Exhibition, 36

gardens, Japanese

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

University of British Columbia, 574–78

Garrels, Mrs. Arthur, 342n4, 346n5

Garrett, John W., 80

Geddes, Aukland, 89

Gehrig, Lou, 405

gender equality, 126

General Gordon, USS, 540–41

GEO (Global Educational Outreach), 173

George, Lloyd, 449

George V (King of England), 22, 238, 250, 448

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 434

Gigaku Mask, 152

Glessner, Mrs. J. G. M., 353n6

global economic depression, 230, 280, 294, 404, 441, 576

Godley, Mr. and Mrs. George McM., 352n6

Golden Gate International Exposition (1939), 412, 419

goodwill educational tour, 579

Gordon, Anna, 87

Grant, Ulysses S., 104–14

Grant Pine, 112

Grant’s Tour Around the World (Packard), 109–10

Grayson, Cary T., 528

Great Depression, 166, 250, 286, 300, 304n4

Great Falls Tribune(newspaper), 546n2

Great Kanto Earthquake, 119, 142, 437n1, 456–59, 483n3

Great White Fleet 25, 216n4

Greenwich Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Grew, Joseph Clark

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 423

art exhibition assistance, 144

commemorative book, Garden Club, 333

Exhibition Advisory Committee, 162n5

feelings and compassion for Japan, 432–33

Garden Club gift reception, 378

Garden Club members photo, 330–32, 342n4

Garden Club patron, 343n5

Garden Club reception, 318

Helen Keller banquet, 130

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

International Red Cross Congress delegate, 519

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

New York World’s Fair, 414, 416

Panay Incident, 428–432

personal history in Japan, 424–28

photo with Edith Roosevelt, 427

photo with wife, Alice, 425

relationship with Tokugawa, 421–433

Royal Couple reception, 250

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

toast, America-Japan Society dinner, 320

Grew, Mrs. Joseph Clark, 318, 333, 334, 342n4, 343n5, 425, 427

Griffith, Josephine, 351n6

Griffith, Mr. and Mrs. G. M., 351n6

Guardian, The (newspaper), 452

Gulick, Sidney, 139, 160n1

 

Hafford, Lida, 87

Hagiwara, Mrs. Junko, 346n5

Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia), 528

Hairenik Weekly (magazine), 218n9

Hale, Eugene, 29, 372

Hamaguchi, Osachi, 506n3

Hamarikyu Palace, 112

hanami (cherry-tree viewing parties), 362, 380n1

hanging scrolls, 16, 18n1, 155, 210

Hanihara, Masanao, 95

Hanyok, Robert J., 537–39

Hara, Hani, 72, 510

Hara, Rinnosuke, 214n2

Hara, Ryuta, 213n2

Hara, T., 63n10

Haraguchi, Mrs. Takeo, 341n4, 347n5

Harding, Warren G., 68, 73, 81, 87, 88, 93

Harper (civilian volunteer), 458

Harris, H.T.B., 30

Harris, Paul P., 229, 237, 238, 240, 247

Harris, Townsend, 104, 135n1, 176, 184, 225, 414

Harris Treaty, 135n1, 184

Hartford Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Harvard University, 146–159, 267

Hasegawa, Manjiro, 589n1

Hashimoto, Kansetsu, 163n6

Hashimoto, Kwansetsu, 154

Hatch, Mrs. Roger Conant, 349n6

Hawaiian Star (newspaper), 215n2

Hawkinson, Lily Oyzelle, 99n1

Hayakawa, S., 64n10

Hayashi, Kiroku, 72, 130

headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, 528

Hearn, Lafcadio, 132

Hearst, William Randolph, 298–300, 311n9

Heifetz, Jascha, 132, 142–43

Heiman, Suzette, 182n4

Heine, Wilhelm, 4

Hencken, Mr. and Mrs. William F., 350n6

Herald-Palladium (newspaper), 124

Herring, H.J., 95

Hibaya Park, 88

Hibiya, Heizayemon, 213n2

Hibiya Public Hall, Tokyo, 131

Hickey, Joe, 458

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 380n1

Hill, James Jerome, 190

Hindenburg, Paul von, 252

Hiraga, Jun, 115

Hirao, Mrs. Taro, 341n4, 347n5

Hirobumi, Ito, 21

Hirohito (Emperor of Japan)

death threats towards, 503

Dern visit to, 311n8

Enthronement, 463, 486–492

George V (King of England) and, 448

Grew and, 424

Keller meeting, 130

lineage of, 38

Lloyd George and, 449

MacArthur and, 474–75

mentorship of, 9, 439–453

Nagako and, 453

photo (1902), 443

photo in ceremonial robes, 487

Taisho and, 444

Tokugawa and, 289, 568

Hirohito, Japan’s Compassionate Emperor (Isamu), 506n3

Hirooka, Yaye, 340n4, 346n5

Hiroshima Peace Memorial, 588, 600–605n25

Hirota, Koki, 310–11n8, 414

Hisamatsu, Sen-ichi, 589n1

History of the Pan-Pacific Union, A (Hawkinson), 99n1

Hitchcock, Frank Harris, 30, 372

Hitler, Adolf, 252, 434, 509, 521

Hitotsubashi University, 188

Holbrook, Mr. and Mrs. Gerlad, 354n8

Holland Olympic Summer Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Holland Tunnel, 31, 370

Holocaust, 537–39, 549n7

Honolulu Garden Club, HI, 350n6

Honolulu Star-Bulletin (newspaper), 121, 245, 303n2, 312n11, 484n5

Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Southern California, 165

Honorary Presidents of the Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

Hooker, Adelaide F., 350n6

Hooker, Helen H., 350n6

Hooker, Mrs. Elon H., 350n6

Hoopes, Mrs. MacMillan, 353n6

Hoover, Herbert, 242, 250, 259, 274, 275, 276, 424

Hoover, Lou Henry, 259

Horikoshi, Zenjuro, 214n2

Horinouchi, Kensuke, 342n4, 344n5

Horinouchi, Mrs. Kensuke, 342n4, 345n5

Hornbeck, Stanley K., 286

Horses in a Field (Buson), 159

Hosaka, Junji, 163n6

Hosokawa, Moritatsu, 162n5, 163n6

Houghton, Mrs. Clement, 348n6

House of Peers, 91, 121, 508, 529, 572

Houston, Herbert S., 414

Houston Garden Club, TX, 350n6

Howard, Egme, 274

Howe, Mrs. George, 352n6

Hughes, Charles Evans

biographical note, 100n2

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Pan-Pacific Union and, 306n6

Washington Naval Conference and, 68–69, 80, 89, 95

Hull, Cordell and Mrs., 288

Hume, Mr. and Mrs. George E., 351n6

Huntington Wilson, Francis Mairs, 30, 372

 

Ichikawa, Beian, 157

Ichioka, Yuji, 127

Iida, J., 42

Ikeda, Seihin, 163n6

Ikematsu, Tokikazu, 347n5

Illustrated Catalogue of a Special Loan Exhibition of Art Treasures from Japan, 146–159, 161n4

ILO (International Labor Organization), 310n8

Imai, Gosuke, 343n4

Imamura, Mrs. Sakio, 347n5

Imamura, Sakio, 344n5

Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

America-Japan Society Dinner, 319

American All-Stars gathering, 406

Jascha Heifetz’ tour, 143

Lincoln Essay Contest, 115

luncheon honoring Mashbir, 468

postcard photo, 483n3

temporary American embassy, 456, 483n3

Imperial Household, 159, 163n6

Imperial Japanese Army, 500

Imperial Japanese Navy, 500

Imperial Regalia of Japan, 486

Inahata, Mrs. Jiro, 347n5

Independence Hall, 262

Independent (journal), 384n11

Inoue, Nissio, 501

Inoue, Saburo, 163n6

Inoue, Tatsukuro, 163n6

Inouye, Junnosuke, 490, 497, 501, 505n2

Inouye, K., 99n1

Inouye, Katsunosuke, 58n3, 382n4

Inouye, Mrs. Shin, 346n5

Inouye, Tadashiro, 468

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

Institute of World Affairs, 166

international arms limitation. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

International Conference on Social Work (1936), 301

international cooperation, 272–77

International Famine Relief, 89

international friendship, 141, 165, 581

international gala events, 412–19

International Labor Organization (ILO), 310n8

International Near East Relief Association, 217n8

International Olympic Committee, 408, 420n3, 569

International Red Cross Conference, 507, 519–521, 523

International Red Cross Refugee Committee, 547n4

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

International Student Exchange Programs, 571

international trade, 280, 294, 304n5, 309n8, 576

Interpretation of the Life of Viscount Shibusawa, An (Obata), 213n1, 218n12

Introduction and Eulogy for Viscount Shibusawa from Tokugawa, 211

Inukai, Tsuyoshi, 63n10, 500

invitations, 463–66

Isamu, Kanaji, 506n3

Ise, Den-ichi, 163n6

Ishibashi, Tamenosuke, 214n2

Ishihara, Zensaburo, 342n4, 344n5

Ishiwara, George, 574, 577

isolationist movement, 435

Issei (first Japanese immigrants), 127–28

Ito, Jirozaemon, 342n4

Ito, Morimatsu, 213n2

Iwahara, Kenzo, 194, 213n2

Iwahara, Taku, 409

Iwahashi, Takeo, 129

Iwamoto, Yoinosuke, 214n2

Iwasaki, Koyata, 163n6, 327

I Was an American Spy (Mashbir), 455, 483n2, 533–34

Iwashita, K. T., 59n6

Iwaya, S., 214n2

Iyenaga, Toyokichi, 219n13, 227

 

Jacquinot A Forgotten Hero (film), 548n5

Jacquinot de Besange, Robert, 547n4

Jacquinot Safe Zone Wartime Refugees in Shanghai (Ristaino), 521–22

James River Garden Club, VA, 350n6

Janklowicz-Mann, Dana, 524

Japan-America Society, 580, 595n15

Japan-British Exhibition, 386n14, 391n17

Japan Committee of the International Conference on Social Work, 301, 313n12

Japanese (Inter-Allied) WWI Victory Medal, 43

Japanese Advertiser (newspaper), 490, 504n1

Japanese Amateur Athletic Federation, 410

Japanese American National Museum, 582, 599n22

Japanese-Americans, 384n11

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese and the Jews, The (Kane), 511–15, 550–54n8

Japanese Art, 144–159

Japanese baseball card, 406

Japanese-British Exhibition, 35–37, 59n5, 373, 388n16

Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 188

Japanese-Chinese conflict, 517, 521, 533–34

Japanese delegations, 386n14, 388n16

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

illustration of (1872), 107

Japanese-British Exhibition (1910), 59n5

list of, 195–96

London Naval Conference, 275

Japanese Diet Declaration (1938), 508, 536–38

Japanese Embassy, in the U.S. 5–6, 18n2, 365

Japanese Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese gardens

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

Japanese Government Railways, 408

Japanese Olympic Committee, 408

Japanese Olympics Committee, 569

Japanese Parliament, 68

Japanese Red Cross Hospital, 57

Japanese Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Japanese Red Cross Society

assistance to Ethiopia, 527–28

assistance to Russia, 283

brochures, 518, 554–560n9

continuation of, 567

efforts to assist Allies during WWI, 53–54

headquarters, 528

International Red Cross Society, 507

Shibusawa and, 188

Tokugawa and, 92, 507, 516–521

Japanese-Russian relations, 295

Japanese Women’s Betterment Association, 86

Japanese Women’s Peace Movement, 86–87

Japanese WWI Victory Medal, 42

Japan Foundation, 564, 590n2

Japan Institute, 128

Japan Society, 32, 295, 370, 596n16

Japan Society newsletter, 527–28

Japan Society of New York, 278

Japan Society publication, Tokugawa’s speech to Lindberghs, 398–401

Japan Society’s Annual Dinner (1934), 32–33, 290–93

Jeanes, Mrs. Henry S., 350n6

Jenkins, Ralph, 546n1

“Jewish Question,” 509

Jewish refugees, 507–8, 525, 536, 540–41, 544–45, 547n4

Jews, 299, 507–15, 521, 525, 536, 538, 547n4

Jingye Asylum, 542

Jito (Empress of Japan), 380n1

Joan Kroc Institute of Peace and Justice, 579–580, 593n13, 594n13

John Paul Jones Memorial, 393n21

Johnson, Lady Bird, 392n21

Johnson, Mrs. Homer H., 352n6

Johnston, Mary E., 353n6

Joint Committee of Disaster Relief of Shanghai Charity Groups, 542

joint stocks, 188

journalism education, 181n3

Joya, Mock, 380n1

J-School. See Missouri School of Journalism

judo, 409, 420n3

Jusserand, Jules, 89

 

Kabayama, A., 341n4

Kabayama, Aisuke, 275, 341n4

Kabayama, Ayske, 162n5, 589n1

Kadono, Mrs. Chokiuro, 342n4, 345n5

Kadono, Tominosuke, 214n2

Kagami, Takeo, 344n5

Kagawa, Toyoshiko, 173

Kageyania, K., 53

Kahn, Otto, 142, 161n3

Kai-shek, Chiang, 209

Kaishu, Katsu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

Emperor Meiji and, 38

escort of Iemochi delegation, 6–7, 18n2

Hirohito and, 443

military influence on Tokugawa, 34

National Diet Library, 20n3

photo (c1890), 9

photo with Tokugawa (c1897), 13

portrait (c1860), 6

Red Cross delegation, 53

Tokugawa and, 9

Kakinuma, T., 64n10

Kamenosuke. See Tokugawa, Iyesato

Kanawha Garden Club, Charleston, WV, 350n6

Kanda, Naibu, 194, 213n2

Kane, Joseph Nathan, 511–15, 550–54n8

Kaneko, Kentaro, 87, 162n5, 215n4, 289, 595n14

Kanemitsu, Tsuneo, 163n6

Kan-in (prince), 440

Kanno, Kinnosuke, 213n2

Kano, Jigorō, 409, 420n3

Kanrin Maru warship, 6–7, 18n2

Kasumigaseki Detached Palace, Tokyo, 318

Kato, Kyohei, 343n4

Kato, Takaaki, 63n10

Kato, Tomosaburo, 69–72, 87, 95, 509, 510

Katsuda, Tetsu, 347n5

Katsura, Taro, 134, 566

Katsuta, Tetsu, 342n4

Katz Awa. See Kaishu, Katsu

Katz Awa “The Bismarck of Japan” or the Story of a Noble Life (Clark), 13–14

Kawada, Taka, 185

Kawai, Yahachi, 484n5

Kawasaki, Y., 63n10

Kawashima, Yoshiyuki, 311n8

Kazama, Mrs. Shichiei, 328, 347n5

KBS (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai). See Society for International Cultural Relations

Kean, John, 29, 372

Keaton, Buster, 266

Keiki. See Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

Keith, Mrs. Joseph L., 353n6

Keller, Helen, 129–133, 136n5, 428

Kellogg, Frank, 274

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 273–74, 278, 303n1

Kempei Tai, A History of the Japanese Secret Service (Deacon), 495

kendo, 420n3

Kenilworth Garden Club, IL, 350n6

Keresit, Jacques, 248n2

Kikkawa, Motomitsu, 163n6

Kikuchi, Miya Sannomiya, 126–28, 135n4

Kikusawa, Suyemaro, 344n5

Kimura, A., 175, 236

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 120

King, W. L. MacKenzie, 306n6

Kingsley, Darwin P., 489–492

Kinoshita, Michio, 344n5

Kiyoo, Kawamura, 12

Kiyooka, Eiichi, 342n4

Kiyooka, Mrs. Eiichi, 347n5

Kiyose (representative of the Asahi newspaper), 388n16

Kiyotada, Tsutsui, 506n3, 593n12

Kiyozumi Park, Tokyo, 334, 378

KleinSmid, Rufus Bernhard von, 166, 571

Knox, Philander Chase

1910 dinner event, 30

cherry blossom tree gift, 366

event honoring Emperor Meiji, 38

Pershing and, 38–39

portrait (c1910), 30

Sherman luncheon, 29

Shibusawa mission, 198

Tokugawa and, 372, 387n16

Kobayashi, Ichizo, 158, 163n6

Kobayashi, Mrs. Nobuko, 328, 347n5

Kodama, Kazuo, 482

Koiki, Kunizo, 214n2

Koizumi, Shinzo, 589n1

Kokusai Bunka (journal), 564

Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (Society for International Cultural Relations), 128, 144, 327, 564

Komai, Taku, 328, 347n5

Komatsu, Mrs. Takashi, 341n4, 346n5

Komatsu, Takashi, 144, 162n5, 344n5, 345n5

Komoriya, Chicuko, 115

Komura, Jutaro, 64n11

Komuro, Mrs. Mieko, 346n5

Kondo, Baron, 64n10

Konoe, Fumimaro. See Konoye, Fumimaro

Konoye (princess), 343n5

Konoye, Atsumaro, 92

Konoye, Fumimaro

Diet opening in Tokyo (1934), 531–32

essay contest judge, 589n1

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Garden Club patron, 343n5

House of Peers president, 529–533

international relations promotion with son, 535

“Prince at Princeton” article, 548n6

targeted by extremists, 493

Konoye, Fumitaka, 535

Konoye, Hiro, 239

Konoye, Hiroko, 592n6

Korostovetz, Ivan Yakovlevich, 64n11

Kosaka, Kris, 102n7

Kristallnacht, 536

Kroda, Kiyoshi, 589n1

Kumagaye, Taizo, 214n2

Kun, Tsao, 306n6

Kuninomiya family, 477

Kurihama landing, 4

Kuriyama, Mrs. Shigeru, 342n4, 346n5

Kuroda, Kiyoshi, 63n10, 162n5, 343n4, 345n5

Kurusu, Jaye, 341n4, 347n5

Kurusu, Mrs. Saburo, 342n4, 346n5

Kusanagi (sword), 486

Kushida, Manzo, 64n10, 343n4, 490, 505n2

Kuwaki, Ayao, 589n1

Kyoto Imperial University, 159, 163n6

 

LaBoiteaux, Mrs. Isaac, 350n6

Ladies Committee, Garden Club, 345n5

Ladies’ Committee in Kyoto, 328, 347n5

La Guardia, Fiorello, 416

Lansdale, Mrs. Philip, 353n6

Lansing, Robert, 203

Lapham, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., 349n6

Lasker, Bruno, 304n4

Last Refuge: The Story of Jewish Refugees in Shanghai (film), 547n5

League of Blood, 496, 499–500, 505, 505n2

League of Nations, 73, 281, 424

League of Nations Association of Japan, 211, 239, 294

League of Red Cross Societies, 54, 517

Leavenworth Weekly Times (newspaper), 384n6

Lee, Arthur (Lord of Fareham), 89

Lee, Chin-Chuan, 181n3

lenders of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Lenox Garden Club, New York, NY, 350n6

letter from President Harding, Washington Naval Conference, 82

Lewiston Daily Sun Journal (newspaper), 263

Liberty Bell, 262

Life and Adventure in Japan (Clark), 20n4

Lighthouse organization, 129

Ligne, Albert de, 274

Lincoln, Abraham, 104–8, 120, 587

Lincoln Centennial Association, 117

Lincoln Essay Contests, 115–120, 587

Lincoln Financial Foundation, Sumiko Tokuda Collection, 119

Lincoln Memorial, 587

Lindbergh, Anne, 395–403

Lindbergh, Charles A., 394–403

lion sculptures, 177–180

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 29, 89, 372

Loehr, Gustave E., 229

London Economic Conference, 304n5

London House of Parliament (color lithograph), 565, 590n3

London Naval Conference, 251, 275, 423, 466

London Naval Treaty, 230

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 267

Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 27, 358, 381n3

Los Angeles Examiner (newspaper), 430

Los Angeles Herald (newspaper), 215n2

Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 103n9, 299

Lothrop, Mrs. W. S. H., 351n6

Lowe, Mrs. Herbert, 349n6

Lowell, Lawrence, 267

Lunete (river park), 363

 

MacArthur, Douglas, 288, 471–75

Machida, Tokunosuke, 214n2

Mack, Connie, 406

Mackay, Clarence H., 217n7

MacKenzie, N A. M. (Norman), 574, 577–78

Mackey, Harry A., 262

MacMaster, William, 194

MacVeagh, Charles, 99n1, 115, 138, 184

MacWhite, Michael, 274

Madison Square Garden, 32

Maeda, Toshitame, 163n6

Maeyama, Hisakichi, 163n6

Maki, Mrs. Kaoru, 341n4, 347n5

Makino, Nobuaki, 496

Makita, Tamaki, 163n6

Manjiro, John, 18n2

Mann, Amir, 524

Mano, B., 236

Maple Club, Tokyo, 402

Marchienne, Emile de Cartier de, 80

Mardis, J.C., 94

Martin, Mrs. J. Willis, 353n7

Martin, T. M., 458

Martino, Goacomo De, 274

Marvin, Dwight Edwards, 244, 248n2

Masaoki, Shinmi, 18n2

Mashbir, Donald, 483n2, 485n6

Mashbir, Sidney Forrester, 454–482

Allied surrender documents signing, 473

Exchange Club photo, 481

group photo (1937), 484n5

I Was an American Spy autobiography, 483n2, 484n4, 533–34

Jewish heritage, 545

keepsakes, 459–466

luncheon honoring (1937), 468

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 309n7

personal papers discovery, 439

photo (1923), 454

Rotary member, 246

Royal Couple greeting, 250

secret private meetings, MacArthur and Hirohito, 475

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456

Massey, W. F., 306n6

mass media, American, 298–300

Masuda, Meiroku, 114

Masuda, Takashi, 163n6

Matsubara, Yuriko, 341n4, 347n5

Matsuda, Genji, 318

Matsudaira, Mrs. Tsuneo, 179

Matsudaira, Raijyu, 529

Matsudaira, Tsunao, 72, 160n2

Matsudaira, Tsuneo, 141, 176, 179

Matsugata, Masayoshi, 58n3, 194, 382n4

Matsukata, Kojiro, 213n2

Matsukata, Mrs. Shokuma, 346n5

Matsukata, Shosaku, 164n6

Matsumiya, Mrs. Kazuya, 342n4, 347n5

Matsumura, Toshio, 214n2

Matsunaga, Yasuzaemon, 155, 164n6

Matsuura, Chinjiro, 138

Matsuyama, C., 63n10

Maus, Marion Perry, 194

Mayer, Louis B., 265

Mayer, Mrs. Louis B., 265

Mayer, Warren, 182n4

Mayezawa, N., 484n5

Mayflower, USS, 24

Mayflower Hotel, Washington DC, 288, 463, 464

Mazaki, Jinzaburo, 311n8

McArthur, Clifton, 194

McArthur, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

McCollum, A.H., 458

McCormac, Mrs. H.B., 353n6

McDowell, Mrs. William F., 87

McIntosh, Burr, 382n3

McIntyre, Marvin H., 286

McMillan, Mrs. J. William, 349n6

McNaughton, Mrs. Lynn, 354n8

McReynolds, Sam D., 286

media relations, 63n8, 298–300

medical care, 134, 566

Meiji (Emperor of Japan)

death of, 38, 374

Grant meeting, 112–13

Kaishu and, 9

mask gift, 152

medical care and, 134, 566

Meiji Restoration, 1–8, 187

photo (c1894), 9

Shibusawa and, 188

Washington and, 87

Meiji Constitution, 21

Meiji Restoration (1868), 1–8, 187

Meiji Shrine, 427

Memorial Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 83

Memphis Garden Club, TX, 350n6

merchant class, 3

Metcalf, Mrs. Frederick, 352n6

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. See MGM Studios

Mexican American War, 56

MGM Studios, 265–66, 298–300, 311n9

Michigan Garden Club, MI, 350n6

Michizane, Sugawara, 156

Middleton Garden Club, CT, 351n6

Midzuno, Kokichi, 32, 58n1, 213n2, 360, 370

Mihara, Mrs. Shigekichi, 346n5

Mihara, Shigekichi, 164n6, 342n4, 344n5, 589n1

militants

arms limitation and, 74

China expansion, 434

Kaishu and, 15

Nazi alliance, 521

Olympic bid and, 410–12

Panay Incident, 428

Tokugawa against, 517

Tokugawa and, 283

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24

Tripartite Pact, 435

violence, 486–501

Washington Naval Conference and, 100n3

Millbrook Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Million Dollar Train, 190

Milton Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Minami, Takajiro, 213n2

Minnesota (ship), 189

Miroku Bosatsu sculpture, 154

Mishima, Mrs. Hajime, 341n4, 346n5

Missouri, USS, 473

Missouri model of journalism education, 181n3

Missouri School of Journalism, 174–180

Mitchell, Edward A., 546n1

Mito Tokugawa family, 597n19

Mitsubishi Bank, 505n2

Mitsui, Mrs. Benzo, 341n4, 346n5

Mitsui, Mrs. Takaatsu, 342n4, 347n5

Mitsui Financial Group, 499, 505

Miura, Hajime, 341n4

Miwa, Mrs. Zembei, 341n4

Miwa, Zembei, 341n4

Miya, Mataichi, 342n4, 345n5

Miyaga, Michio, 131

Miyajima, Mikinosuke, 589n1

Miyaoka, Mrs. Tsunejiro, 341n4, 346n5

Mizoguchi, Munchiko, 162n5

Mizoguchi, Teijiro, 164n6

Mizuno, Kokichi, 32, 370

Mizuno, Mrs. Kyosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Mizuno, Toshikata, 259

Monadnock Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

Money, Hernando, 29, 372

Montague, Mrs. Gilbert, 351n6

Morgan, Mrs. James F., 350n6

Morgan, Mrs. Randal, 353n6

Morgenthau, Henry, 204

Mori, Kanosuke, 577–78

Morimura, Baroness Ichizaemon, 346n5

Morimura, Ichizaemon, 344n5

Morinja, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

Morris, Roland S., 293

Moss, Robert F., 458, 484n5

Motley, Mrs. George, 352n6

Motono, Ichiro, 63n10

Mt. Desert Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Mt Sterling Advocate (newspaper), 384n10

Mt. Vernon, VA, 267, 371, 387n16

Mukojima Park, 362, 383n5

Muller, Mrs. J., 347n5

Murakoshi, Kuniyasu, 321

Murayama, Nagataka, 164n6

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 144, 582, 598n21

music, Tokugawa’s passion for, 142

musical pieces performed, America-Japan Dinner event (1935), 337n2

Mussolini, Benito, 434, 528

Muto, Kinta, 164n6

 

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 220

Nagai, Asako, 341n4, 347n5

Nagai, Matsuzo, 589n1

Nagai, Mrs. Matsuzo, 342n4, 346n5

Nagai, Setsuko, 340n4, 347n5

Nagako, Empress, 130, 440–41, 453, 476–78, 520

Nagako Empress of Japan (Koyama), 476–78

Nagashima, Yoshiharu, 344n5

Nagata, Hidejiro, 397, 403

Nagel, Charles, 30, 372

Nagoya Castle, 407

Nagoya Museum of Fine Arts, 582, 598n21

Naito, Y., 53

NAJAS (National Association of Japan-America Societies), 595n15

Nakabashi, Tokugoro, 213n2

Nakamura, Teru, 342n4

Nakamura, Teruko, 347n5

Nakanishi, Rokusaburo, 68

Nakano, Buei, 63n10, 194, 213n2

Nassau Weekly (newspaper), 548n6

National Aspirations speech, 231–36

National Association of Japan-America Societies (NAJAS), 595n15

National Cherry Blossom Festival, 374, 379, 392n21

National Conference of State Societies’ Princess Program, 392n21

National Council of Churches, 160n1

National Diet Library, 20n3

National Security Agency (NSA) publication, 536

National Student Committee for the Limitation of Armaments, 93–95

National Tribune (newspaper), 384n7

Navohoff, 64n11

Nazi Germany, 434, 521, 525

Nedzu, Kaichiro, 213n2

Neill, John W., 574, 577–78

Netherlands, Olympic Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Neville, Edwin L., 311n8

Neville, Mrs. Edwin L., 342n4, 346n5

New Canaan Garden Club, CT, 351n6

New Deal Administration, 286

Newport Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

New Republic (magazine), 226

Newsom, M. Eugene, 240

New York Daily Tribune (newspaper), 26, 31, 367–69

New York Times (newspaper)

Columbia University visit, Tokugawa, 167

Dern and U.S./Japan relations, 311n8

dinner honoring Tokugawa by Saito, 288

Garden Club gift to Japan, 334

Hirota meeting Roosevelt in Hawaii, 310n8

Hughes article, 100n2

international trade, Japan, 309n8

invitation to Roosevelt to visit Japan, 287

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japan Society dinner, 293–94

Japan’s Olympics bid (1940), 410

Keller article, 130, 136n5

Lawrenceville, NJ visit, 530

Lindberghs’ reception, 396

luncheon given by Roosevelt for Tokugawa, 392n20

New York City visit, Tokugawa, 278–79

New York World’s Fair, 414

Nippon Club luncheon, 287–88

Oshima and Olympics, 410

photo, Tokugawa addressing Rotarian Convention, 231

Roosevelt luncheon for Tokugawa, 288

Roosevelt on Japan in WWI, 55

Taft on U.S./Japan relations, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and extremists, 493

Tokugawa arrival (1910), 442

Tokugawa’s death, 563

Tokugawa’s health, 562

Tokugawa’s radio address, 281–83

Washington Naval Conference, 70, 101n4

Wilson meets Shibusawa article, 203

New York Tribune (newspaper), 59n5, 386n14

New York World’s Fair (1939), 412

Nezu, Kaichiro, 153, 156, 164n6

Niagara, USS, 20n2

Nichibei Shimbun (newspaper), 127

Nicholas, Elizabeth, 352n6

Nicholas II (Emperor of Russia), 24

Nichols, Mrs. Joseph Longworth, 353n6

Niiro, Chunosuke, 164n6

Niiya, Brian, 128, 135n3

Nijo Palace, Kyoto, 325

Ninagawa, Arata, 53, 54–55

Nippon Club, 217n5, 287–88

Nippon Youth Assembly Hall, 137

Nishi, Mrs. Haruhiko, 342n4, 346n5

Nishida, Mrs. Ikutaro, 328, 347n5

Nishida, Rihachi, 347n5

Nishiike, Naruyoshi, 214n2

Nishimura, Ayako, 341n4, 347n5

Nishimura, Jihei, 213n2

Nishimura, Mrs. Kiyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Nishimura, Shotaro, 216n5

Nishiwaki, Kenji, 164n6

Nitobe, Inazo, 280–81, 574–78, 593n10

Nixon, Richard, 545

Noanett Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Nobel Peace Prize, 34, 62n7, 66n11, 209

Nomura, Kichisaburō, 421

Nomura, Mrs. Yozo, 341n4

Nomura, Yozo, 345n5

Norimasa, Muragaki, 18n2

North Shore Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

North to the Orient (A. Lindbergh), 403

NSA (National Security Agency) publication, 536

Numano, Y., 213n2

 

Oakland Tribune (newspaper), 520

Obama, Barack, 587–88, 600–605n25

Obama, Michelle, 393n21

Obata, Kyugoro, 213n1, 218n12

obituary announcement, Tokugawa, 590n4

O’Brien, Thomas J., 58n3, 382n4

Office of Public Buildings and Grounds (OPBG), 362–64

Official Welcoming Ceremony for American Friendship Dolls, 137–141

Ogden Standard (newspaper), 215n2

Ohama, Mrs. Tadakazu, 347n5

Ohashi, S., 64n10

Ohashi, Shintaro, 164n6

Ohtani, Kahei, 213n2

Oiwa, Isao, 342n4

Oiwa, Mrs. Isao, 342n4

Okabe, Nagakage, 341n4, 344n5, 589n1

Okabe, Viscountess Nagakage, 346n5

Okada, Ken-ichi, 318, 344n5

Okada, Ryuichi, 343n4

Okahashi, Jisuke, 164n6

Okamoto, Mrs. Suemasa, 341n4, 346n5

Okazaki , Masaya, 164n6

Okura, Kishichiro, 64n10, 164n6

Oliver, John D., 306n6

Olympics

Amsterdam Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Nagano Games (1998), 569

Organizing Committee, 410

Sapporo Games (1972), 569

Tokyo Games (1940), 173, 408–12, 569

Tokyo Games (1964), 569

Onishi, Ichiro, 344n5

Ono, Hideko, 347n5

Ooi, Bokusin, 213n2

Ooka, I., 63n10

OPBG (Office of Public Buildings and Grounds), 362–64

Opening of Japan, 3

Oregon Statesman Journal (newspaper), 311n9

Orlando Sentinel (newspaper), 420n1

Osawa, Mrs. Tokutaro, 328, 347n5

Osawa, Tokutaro, 344n5, 346n5, 347n5

Oshima, Matahiko, 410

Osumi, Mineo, 421

Otani, K., 63n10

Otchiai, Kentaro, 64n11

Otsuka, Tsunekichi, 347n5

Outlook, The (magazine), 91–92

overpopulation, 438n6

Owen, Sydney, 215n3

Oyama, Iwao, 58n3, 382n4

Ozaki, Shinaye, 341n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yei Theodora, 373, 391n18

Ozaki, Yukika, 340n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yukio, 26, 32, 100n3, 367–370, 373, 385n12

Ozawa, K., 300

 

Pacific Conference, 304n4

Packard, J.F., 108

Pageant of the Ages performance, 326

Palmer, Frederick, 58n2, 381n2

Panama Railway, 19

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference, 168–173

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 287, 304n6

Pan-Pacific University, 245

Paris World Exposition (1867), 187

Park, Maude Wood, 87

Parliament of Great Britain, 565

Parsell, Diana, 383n5

Pasadena Garden Club, Pasadena, CA, 351n6

Paul, Mrs. Theodore S., 351n6

Payne, John Barton, 286, 507, 519, 520, 546n1

Payne, Sereno E., 30, 372

Pearce, G.F., 89

Pearl Harbor, 56, 424, 436

Pendleton, Ellen Fitz, 267

Pennsylvania Avenue, 260, 389

Pepper, Mrs. Franklin, 351n6

Perkins, George Walbridge, 217n7

Perry, James DeWolf, 4, 293

Perry, Matthew C., 3–4, 334, 424

Perry, Matthew C. 3, 100n3

Perry, Oliver Hazard, 334, 424

Pershing, John Joseph, 38–39, 374

Phelps, Eleanor, 94

Philadelphia Garden Club, PA, 351n6

Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), 63n9, 270n3

Phillips, William, 286

Phoenix image, 504n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan, at the Invitation of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, May 13 to June, 1935, 317–332, 337n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan at the Invitation of His Excellency Shigeru Yoshida May 10th to May 23rd 1961, 336, 354n8, 355–56n8

Piedmont Garden Club, Piedmont, CA, 352n6

Pierre hotel, 278, 303n3

Piscataqua Garden Club, MI, 351n6

Pittman, Key, 286

Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, 33, 372

Pittsburgh Press (newspaper), 59n6

Place to Save Your Life, A (film), 548n5

Plancon, Georges, 64n11

Platt, Mrs. Charles III, 351n6

Poincare, Raymond, 22

politics, American, 27, 371

Pond, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel, 353n6

Population Connection, 438n6

population stabilization, 438n6

Portland Garden Club, Portland, OR, 352n6

Port of Last Resort: Zuflucht in Shanghai (film), 548n5

Portrait of Tokugawa Ieyasu (painting), 18n1

Portsmouth Peace Conference, 87

Potomac Park, 363, 374

Potomac Tidal Basin, 374, 393n21

Powhatan, USS, 19

Presidio military base, 268

Prince at Princeton, A (Costin), 548n6

Pritchett, Henry S., 62n7

Prittwitz, Freiderich von, 274

Privy Seal (Gyoji), 502–3, 506n4

Problems of the Pacific, 1933 economic conflict and control proceedings of the fifth conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations (Lasker and Holland), 304n4

Proclamation of the Japanese Constitution, 21

Proctor, Mrs. William Cooper, 349n6

Prologue magazine, 437n2

Public Broadcasting Service, 143

Putnam, Mrs. Henry St. Clair, 353n6

 

Queen of the 1937 Cherry Blossom Festival, 379

Quezon, Manuel, 288

 

racism, 25, 115, 120, 434, 509

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 281–83, 286, 471, 520, 586

Radio City Music Hall, 282

Rama VI (king of Siam), 306n6

Reception Committee in Kyoto, Garden Club, 347n5

Reception Committee Junior, Garden Club, 346n5

Reception Committee Senior, Garden Club, 346n5

Red Crescent Societies, 517

Red Cross, American, 119, 546n1

Red Cross, Japanese. See Japanese Red Cross Society

Red Cross, worldwide, 89

Red Cross Conference, International, 507

Red Cross Hospital, Japanese, 57

Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Remembering Ulysses S. Grant’s visit to Japan (Chida), 109

Reno Gazette-Journal (newspaper), 303n2

Report on the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Honolulu Japan and China in the Spring of 1935 (Davison), 337n3

Reznikoff, John, 505n2

Richards, Mrs. Theodore W., 546n1

Ridgefield Garden Club, Ridgefield, CT, 352n6

Riegel, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Dewitt, 349n6

Righteous Among Nations Award, 541

Righter, Jane, 350n6

Rike, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H., 349n6

Ristaino, Marcia R., 521, 547n3, 547n4

Roanoke, USS, 19

Robinson, Joseph T., 286

Rochester Garden Club, Rochester, NY, 352n6

Rockefeller Center, 128

Rogers, Mrs. Fred F., 341n4, 346n5

Rogers, Will, 238

Roosevelt, Alice, 27, 358, 381n3

Roosevelt, Edith, 427

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 286

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

good-neighbor policy, 311n8

Hirota meeting in Honolulu, 310n8

International Red Cross Conference, 520

Keller and, 130

Konoye and, 530, 535

opening speech, World’s Fair, 415

portrait, 284

relationship with Tokugawa, 284–88, 360

Tokugawa visit (1934), 286–88, 376

University of Southern California and, 166, 571

World Fair invitations, 414

Roosevelt, Henry L., 288

Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, 288, 376

Roosevelt, Theodore

discrimination in California legislation, 384n11

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

photograph of, 55

postcard linked to Russo-Japanese War, 24

relationship with Tokugawa, 358

Rotary quote, 237

Russo-Japanese War, 215n4

Shibusawa delegation, 198–202

statement on Japan in WWI, 55–56

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. (Colonel), 217n7, 287, 376, 427

Root, Elihu, 29, 34, 62n7, 89, 258, 372

Rosen, Roman von, 64n11

Ross, Phyllis Gregory, 574, 593n9

ROTARIAN magazine, 239

Rotary Club of Tokyo, 240

Rotary International, 229–247

25th Anniversary Convention, 229, 242

50th Anniversary Celebration (1955), 246

commemorative stamp, 247, 248n3

Conference (1930), 229–241, 244

Rotary Peace Centers, 247, 248n4

Roth, Almon E., 238

Rothschild, John, 94

Round Eyes in the Middle Kingdom (film), 548n5

Rowe, L.S., 306n6

Royal Geographical Society of London, 590n4

Ruhm, Mrs. Herman, 354n8

Russell, Lindsay, 32, 370

Russell, Mrs. James S., 318, 351n6

Russo-Japanese War, 24, 65n11, 87, 198, 215n4

Ruth, George “Babe,” 405–7

Rye Garden Club, Greenwich, Rye, NY, 352n6

 

safe zones, 507, 519, 521–23, 540–45, 547n4, 586

Sagers, John, 215n3

Sago (Emperor of Japan), 380n1

Saionji (prince), 496

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation, 134, 566

Saito, Hiroshi, 162n5, 275, 288, 310n8, 379, 535

Saito, Masako, 379

Saito, Miyoko, 288

Saito, Mrs. Soichi, 340n4, 346n5

Saito, Sakiko, 379

Sakaguchi, Heibei, 214n2

Sakano, Mrs. Tsuneyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Sakatani, Yoshiro, 63n10, 184, 345n5

Sakonji, Seizo, 275

sakura. See cherry blossoms

Salmond, Sir John, 89

samurai, 3

Sand Hills Garden Club, Augusta, GA, 352n6

San Diego Japanese Friendship Garden, 583, 599n23

San Diego Jewish Journal, Holocaust Remembrance Edition, 545

San Diego World Affairs Council (SDWAC), 579–580, 593n13

San Francisco Call (newspaper), 58n1, 214n2

San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), 215n2

Sankyo Company, Ltd., 216n5

Sarraut, Albert, 89

Sastri, Srinivasa, 89, 546n1

Satake, Sakutaro, 213n2

Sato, I., 42

Sato, Naotake, 64n11

Satow, Mr. and Mrs. Toshito, 266

Savamura, S., 53

Sawada, Mrs. Setsuzo, 341n4, 346n5

Schanzer, Carlo, 80, 546n1

Schiele, Sylvester, 229

Schiff, Jacob Henry, 222

School of International Relations, 166

Schroeder, Seaton, 546n1

Scidmore, Eliza Ruhamah, 362–64, 383n5

Scott, Byron, 178

Scott, Mrs. Arthur Hoyt, 335, 349n6

scroll paintings, 16, 18n1, 155–56, 210

SDWAC (San Diego World Affairs Council), 579–580, 593n13

Seattle Chamber of Commerce, 189, 191

Seattle Garden Club, Seattle, WA, 352n6

Seattle Times (newspaper), 120

secret meetings, 474

Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer (Zacharias), 270n2

Seitz, Don Carlos, 223, 224

Seko, Konosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Seko, Mineko, 341n4, 347n5

Seko, Yasuji, 236

Sellers, Mrs. Howard, 350n6

Sellers, Mrs. William F., 353n6

Senate, Tokugawa visit, 27

Sengoku, Masayuki de, 29, 59n6, 372, 386n15

Sewall, Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland, 350n6

Shaker Lakes Garden Club, Cleveland, OH, 352n6

Shanghai Ghetto (film), 524–25, 548n5

Sharp, Mrs. W. B., 350n6

Shaw, Albert, 223

Sherman, James Schoolcraft, 29, 38, 372, 387n16

Sherry’s Hotel, New York, 199–202

Shibusawa, Baroness, 189

Shibusawa, Eiichi

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition trip photo, 189–191

Armenian Weekly article photo, 204–7

banquet honoring (1915), 219n13

biography, 211, 218n12

Chiang Kai-shek and, 209

Col. Roosevelt luncheon, 217n7

as delegate, 27, 213n2, 360

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Friendship Dolls event, 138

Grant greeting, 108

hanging scroll with calligraphy, 210

Harris and, 229

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Honorary Vice-President of Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

letter from, 208

Memorial Foundation and Museum, 218n11, 581, 597n17

monument built for Grant, 114

photo with Taka Kawada, 185

portrait during Europe tour, 187

portrait photo alongside photo of Tokugawa, 183

relationship with Tokugawa, 34, 183–88

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490

sympathy booklet, 63n10

toast at Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wilson meeting, 203

Shibusawa delegation (1909), 213n2

Shibusawa Memorial Foundation and Museum, 209, 218n11, 581, 597n17

Shidehara, Kijuro

anniversary salutations of Washington Naval Conference, 95

biographical note, 101n5

delegates embarking, 71

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Jewish magazine interview, 515

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490, 505n2

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

Washington Naval Conference, 87

Shidura, Baron (possibly Shidehara), 386n15

Shimada, S., 63n10

Shimanouchi, Henry Toshiro, 128

Shimmura, Izuru, 589n1

Shimoda, S., 63n10

Shimomura, Mrs. Sen, 157, 164n6

Shimpei, Goto, 490, 505n2

Shinjuku Imperial Gardens, 130

Shinto shrine, 2

Shiobara, Matasaku, 216n5

Shiohara, Mrs. Matasaku, 341n4

Shirasu, Mrs. Jiro, 340n4, 346n5

Shitara, H., 59n6

shogun rule, 3–4

Shōhō Kaishō stock company, 188

Shōnii, Second Honour (ritsuryō rank), 188

Shorey, Hiram E., 229

Showa (Enlightened Peace), 453, 486

Shrewsbury Castle, 251

Shubert-Garrick Theater, 89, 546n1

Shuster, William Morgan, 219n13, 221

Simon, Joseph, 194

Simon, Sir John, 62n7, 565

Sino-Japanese War, 23, 65n11

Smith, Mrs. Benjamin Hodges, 350n6

Snyder, Frederic, 173

Society for International Cultural Relations (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai), 128, 144, 314, 327, 564, 589n1

Soeda, J., 63n10

Sohda, Kinsaku, 213n2

Soldiers of Justice and Right postcard, 44

Southgate, Richard, 259

Southside Garden Club of Long Island, New York, NY, 352n6

Soviet-Chinese Nonaggression Treaty, 434

Soyejima, Michimasa, 409

Spalding, Dora N., 351n6

Spanish-American War, 23, 74, 430

Special Bulletin, America-Japan Society, 118

Spirit of St. Louis, The (monoplane), 394

Spoerri, J. Fuller, 95

Stalin, Joseph, 435

Stars and Stripes magazine, 109

State Seal of Japan (Kokuji), 502–3, 506n4

Stead, William Thomas, 223

Stimson, Henry L., 274

St. Louis Garden Club, St. Louis, MO, 352n6

Stoessinger, John George, 544–45

Stokowski, Leopold, 142

Stone, Jr., Charles B., 268

stone lantern sculpture, 174–180

Stout, Mrs. C. Frederick C., 353n6

Straight, Willard Dickerman, 219n13, 226

Sturges, Mrs. Clarence B., 348n6

Sugi, Eizaburo, 162n5

Sugihara, Chiune, 541, 544–45

Sugita, Tei-Ichi, 58n3, 381n2

Suiheisha Society, 121–25

Sullivan, Ann, 133

Sumitomo, Kichizaemon, 164n6

Sumiyoshi, Kawamura, 442

Summit Garden Club, Summit, NJ, 352n6

Sunday Star (newspaper), 392n19

Suzuki, Mrs. K., 346n5

Suzuki, Shuji, 343n4

Suzuki, Umetaro, 216n5

Suzuki violin learning system, 591n5

Swartley, Mr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Sze, Alfred Sao-ke, 79, 80

 

table medals, 42

Tacoma Garden Club, Tacoma, WA, 352n6

Tadamasa, Oguri, 18n2

Tadao, Yamakawa, 275

Taft, Helen “Nellie” Herron, 361–64, 374, 392n21

Taft, Henry W., 281, 293

Taft, Mrs. Henry W., 281

Taft, William Howard

Asia voyage photo, 359

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Inauguration photo, 28

photo with Helen Taft, 361

Prince Tokugawa and, 371, 387n16

Red Cross meeting, 546n1

Shibusawa delegation, 190, 198

speaking at diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and, 27

travels as Secretary of War, 358–360, 382n4

Taisho (Emperor of Japan), 22, 24, 38, 289, 444, 486

Tait, David, 458

Tajima, Mrs. Shigeji, 341n4, 346n5

Takagi, Fujiko, 341n4, 347n5

Takahira, Kogoro, 64n11

Takaishi, S., 214n2

Takaku, Jinnosuke, 345n5

Takamatsu, Kikuko

Akihito and, 269

Berlin luncheon, 252

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

Liberty Bell photo, 262

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamatsu, Nobuhito

Berlin luncheon, 252

Butler tour, 167

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

essay contest judge, 589n1

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

International Goodwill Tour, 249–269

lender of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Liberty Bell photo, 262

Mashbir 1930 reception, 465

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamine, Jokichi

anti-discrimination statement, 384n11

biographical note, 216n5

cherry blossom tree gift, 364

East & West Meeting photo, 200

Japan Society luncheon, 32, 370

photo (c1912), 365

Shibusawa dinner (1915), 219n13

Takao, Toru, 72

Takarabe, Takeshi, 275

Takatsuji, Narazo, 214n2

Takeda, Enji, 163n5

Takeda, Yenji, 343n4, 345n5

Taki, Kumejiro, 214n2

Taki, Takichi, 343n4

Tale of the Genji (Shikibu), 598n19

Tamamushi Shrine, 153

Tamura, R. Tsuyoshi, 345n5

Tamura, Shinkichi, 214n2

Tamura, Tetsusuke, 341n4

Tamura, Tsuyoshi, 341n4

Tanabe, Muneo, 574, 577

Tanaka, Giichi, 490, 505n2

Tanaka, Hozumi, 589n1

Tanaka, Kotaro, 589n1

Tanaka, T., 213n2

Tanakadate, Aikitu, 169

Tan’yū, Kano, 18n1

Tauruta, Eiko, 115

Taylor, Montgomery, 421

Teat, Admiral, 546n1

temperance movement, 102n7

Temperance Society, 92

Temple of Kunozan, 2

Ten Years in Japan (Grew), 130, 426

Terada, Jinkichi, 164n6

Terada, S., 64n10

Terauchi, Hisaichi, 63n10

Terry, Mrs. James, 350n6

Tetsudo Hotel, Tokyo, 409

The Gardeners, Pennsylvania, 350n6

This Rotarian Age (Harris), 237

Thomas, Mrs. James R., 350n6

Thomson, Polly, 129

Three Sacred Treasures of Japan, 486

ticker tape parade for Lindbergh, 394

Time Magazine, 277

Time Magazine 144, 143, 238

Times, The (London), 386n13, 390n17

Tingkan, Tsai, 89

Tison, Alexander, 278

Toda, Yashichi, 164n6

Togasaki, Kiyoshi, 345n5

Togo, Baroness Yasushi, 341n4, 346n5

Togo, Mrs. Shigenori, 341n4, 346n5

Tokuda, Sumiko, 117–19

Tokugawa, Hope, 288

Tokugawa, Iemochi, 5–7, 104–5

Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 1, 2, 18n1, 597n19

Tokugawa, Iyemasa

Armenian Genocide and, 206–7

biographical note, 592n7

commemorative bronze plaque, 583

Dedication for Japanese Garden, 574–78

dinner honored by Ambassador Saito, 288

diplomatic positions, 70

Fiftieth anniversary photograph, 572

fire-bomb of Prince Tokugawa’s home, 494

Hearst meeting, 298–300

honorary degree from University of British Columbia, 592n8

inspection tour to Europe and America, 280

International Conference on Social Work, Japan Committee, 301

Japanese Red Cross delegation, 53

Lawrenceville, New Jersey visit, 530

observing father receiving honorary degree, 165

official dress photo (1929), 573

photograph with Shibusawa, 184

radio broadcaster, 283

Royal Couple greeting, 264–65

send off luncheon for Prince Tokugawa, 576

Tsunenari Tokugawa and, 598n20

Tokugawa, Iyesato

affinity for the West, 11–12

American Pictorial delegation announcement, 67

American Red Cross meeting, 546n1

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 422

arrival announcement, visit 1910, 26

art/cultural exhibits, 582

art exhibition brought West, 144–159

autographed card, 97–98

baseball and, 405–7

canned interviews, 386n15

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 258

cautious approach to media, 34, 63n8

cherry blossom tree gift, 366–370

Chicago and Pittsburgh visit, 33–34

Chicago World’s Fair, 404

Clark and, 20n4

condolence booklet to Allies, 45–52

constitution anniversary postcard, 21

delegates embarking, 71

delivering dedication to Grant at Ueno Park, 114

Diet Declaration (1938), 536–38

diplomatic tour (1933-34), 375

Enthronement Edition, 490

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Fiftieth Anniversary photo, 572

Friendship Dolls Ceremony, 137

  1. Roosevelt and, 284

Garden Club of America, 314–336, 342n4, 343n5

Grew and, 421–433

group photo (1937), 484n5

Harris and, 240

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Hawaiian reception, 245

Hearst meeting, 298–300

Hearst meeting at MGM, 311n9

Hirohito and, 476

Hirohito visit, 441, 568

Honolulu visit, 312n11

honorary degree from USC, 165, 571

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Hoover and, 276

House of Peers selection, 529–533

human rights and, 104, 121–25

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

introduction/eulogy for Shibusawa, 211

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese Red Cross Society and, 516–521

Japan Society of New York 1934 visit, 290–93

Jewish refugees and, 507–15

Kaishu and, 9, 13–15

Keller reception committee, 130

legacy events, 579–580

Lincoln Centenary Essay Contest, 115–120

Lincoln Essay Contests, 587

Lindbergh recognition, 355–407

lineage of, 1

luncheon given by Roosevelt, 286

Mashbir’s invitation response, 459

militants and, 493–503

music passion, 142

Nagako and, 440

Newsom and, 240

New York visits, 31–33, 367–370

New York World’s Fair, 414

Olympic bid (1940), 408–12

Olympic Games and, 569

orphanage visit, 133

painting (c1877), 12

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference opening address, 169

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 306n6, 309n7

Payne meeting photo, 507

photo (1934), 483n1

photo with wife and children (1918), 572

Pittsburgh visit, 59n6

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait (c1894), 17

portrait photo (1921), 90, 561

portrait photo alongside photo of Shibusawa, 183

Prince of Peace description, 526

promoting peace today, 581–82

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 520

Rotarian Age quote, 237

ROTARIAN magazine article, 239

Rotary International Conference, 229–241

Royal Couple reception, 249–250

safe zones and, 521–23

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation and, 134, 566

send-off luncheon, 576

Shibusawa and, 183–88, 581

signer of Washington Naval Conference, 89

supporting Suiheisha members, 122

sympathy booklet, 63n10

Taft diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 296–97

Tomosaburo and, 69

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

visit to U.S. (1910), 26–37, 366–373

visit to U.S. (1930), 276–79

Washington, D.C. visit, 27, 371–72, 386n13

Washington Naval Conference and, 67–98

Western view of, 91–92

women’s rights and, 126–28

World Federation of Education Association, 168

yellow peril and, 63n9

Yoshinobu and, 17

youth and guidance, 5–8

Tokugawa, Kazu, 167, 441, 483n1, 568

Tokugawa, Kikuko. See Takamatsu, Kikuko

Tokugawa, Kuniyuki, 597n19

Tokugawa, Marchioness Yorisada, 318, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Tokugawa, Marquis, 318

Tokugawa, Marquises Yorisada, 591n5

Tokugawa, Mitsukuni, 597n19

Tokugawa, Muneyoshi, 164n6

Tokugawa, Toyo, 281, 297, 300

Tokugawa, Tsunenari, 592n7, 598n20

Tokugawa, Yorifusa, 597n19

Tokugawa, Yorisada, 332, 342n4, 343n5, 589n1, 591n5

Tokugawa, Yoshichika, 164n6

Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

guiding role with Iyesato, 17

Kamenosuke adoption, 5

photograph, 186

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait with Iyesato, 17

Princess Takamatsu and, 250

Shibusawa and, 185–87

Tokugawa Art Museum, 17, 582, 597n18

Tokugawa Iesato (painting), 12

Tokugawa Memorial Foundation, 17, 582, 598n20

Tokugawa Museum Foundation, 17, 582, 597n19

Tokugawa Shogunate, 1–8, 17, 185–87, 380n1, 582, 598n20

Tokuzawa, Kenko, 340n4, 347n5

Tokyo District Court, 501

Tokyo Harbor, 473

Tokyo Imperial Household Museum, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial School of Art, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial University, 169

Tokyo Keizai University, 188

Tokyo School for the Blind. See University of Tsukuba School for the Blind

Tokyo Stock Exchange, 188

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 267, 296–97, 451

Tomosaburo, Kato, 69, 102n6

Topping, Mrs. Henry, 87

Torei Ningyo (Dolls of Gratitude), 139

Toyama, Motoichi, 164n6

Train, Russell, 259

Trans-Siberian Railway, 37

Treadway, Mrs. Lyman, 352n6

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament. See London Naval Treaty

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (1860), 6

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce (1930), 527

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Tripartite Pact, 435–36

Triple Intervention, 65n11

Tsuchihashi, Kahei, 164n6

Tsuchiya, M., 59n5, 386n14

Tsuda, Noritake, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5

Tsuda English College, 117

Tsuji, Zennosuke, 589n1

Twenty-sixth Centennial International Essay Contest Commemorating Founding of Japanese Empire, 564

 

Uchida, Yasuya, 29, 281, 372, 576

Ueno Park, Tokyo, 112, 114, 406

Umberto II, 446

Umezono, Tokuhiko, 328, 347n5

Underwood, Oscar W., 89

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), 584, 599n24

United Nations, 584

United Press, 279

United States

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

Civil War, 25, 104, 107–8, 116

embassy, 407, 455, 456

expansionism, 23

first ladies, 392–93n21

mass media, 298–300

official visit (1912), 39

politics, 23–25, 371

Red Cross Conference delegates, 546n1

United States Capitol Dome, 73

United States/Japan relations

America-Japan Society, 420n2

Dern on, 311n8

early engagement, 6–7

Harris and, 414

Knox and Pershing visit, 38–39

Lincoln and Grant, 104–25

Mashbir and, 459

Roosevelt and, 55–56

Russo-Japanese War resolution and, 215n4

Shibusawa and Straight discussion, 219n13

Shibusawa delegation, 189–203

Taft on, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa on, 293–300

United States Military Academy, 267

United States Naval Academy, 267

United States Stock Market Crash (1929), 230, 272

University of Arizona, 166

University of British Columbia, 573, 592n8

University of Pennsylvania, 262

University of Southern California (USC), 100n1, 165–66, 571

University of Tsukuba School for the Blind, 130

untouchables, 3

USC (University of Southern California), 100n1, 165–66, 571

Ushizuka, Torataro, 334, 345n5, 378, 409

 

Valadou, Joan, 570

Valentine, Myra, 351n6

Valley Forge, 262

valor (sword regalia), 486

Vandenberg, Arthur H., 286

van Karnebeek, H.A., 80

Vernou, Walter N., 286

Versailles Peace Conference (1919), 87, 426

Veverka, Ferdinand, 274

victory medals, WWI, 42–43

Villard, Oswald Garrison, 219n13, 220

Vincent, Elizabeth, 94

vitamin B1 (Orizanin®), 216n5

Viviani, René, 89

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456–58

Volz, Yong Z., 181n3

Vories, William Merrell, 422

voting rights, of Japanese women, 126

 

WACA (World Affairs Councils of America), 593n13

Wada, T., 64n10

Wakatsuki, Reijiro, 275, 498

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 290–93

Walker, James, 255

Walker, Miriam D., 351n6

Walsh, J. M., 352n6

Walsh, Mrs. Edward J., 348n6, 352n6

War Council of the American Red Cross, 54

Ward, Horace B., 95

Warren, Charles B., 87, 264

Warren, Mrs. Benjamin, 348n6, 350n6

War Zone Refugee Relief Committee, 542

Washington, Booker T., 220

Washington, George, 87, 267, 415

Washington Monument, 363

Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

acquired historical items, 96–98

additional details about, 70–85

American University students and, 93–95

against anti-Semitism, 508

articles, 101n4

continued study of, 586

foundation for, 68

group photos from, 79–80

Japanese general public and, 88

Japanese views of, 87

Jewish magazine interview, 509

militants against, 100n3

one year after, 95

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1

photo from Memorial Hall, 83

photo of Japanese Parliament delegation, 68

Red Cross Societies comparison, 516

signing ceremony, 89

Tokugawa and, 67–98

Washington Naval Treaty, 251, 424

women’s peace movement and, 86–87

Washington. Presentation of the Japanese Embassy to the President and Cabinet, in the East Room of the Executive Mansion (Taylor; engraving), 135n2

Washington Times (newspaper), 516, 546n1

Watanabe, Akira, 164n6

Watanabe, Kwazan, 157

Watase, Torajiro, 214n2

Watson, Edwin M., 286

WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union), 86–87, 102n7

Webster, Mrs. Charles, 354n8

Weeders, The (Garden Club), Philadelphia, PA, 353n6, 353n7

welcoming toasts, Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wellesley College, 267

Welsh, John, 95

West Point (United States Military Academy), 267

“What the Japanese have stood for in the World War” (T. Roosevelt), 55–56

Wheeler, Edward Jewitt, 223, 228

White, Mrs. William B., 352n6

White, Mrs. Windsor T., 349n6

White Man’s Burden (Kipling), 25, 424

Why War? Essays and Addresses on War and Peace (Butler), 258

Wild West Show, Madison Square Garden, 32

Wiley College, 166

Willard hotel, 387–390n16

Williams, Francis L., 350n6

Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson B., 349n6

Williams, Mrs. Francis D., 350n6

Williams, Walter, 174, 178

Wilmington Garden Club, Wilmington, DE, 353n6

Wilson, Hugh, 535

Wilson, Margaret, 54

Wilson, Woodrow, 22, 54, 203, 237, 306n6

Winans, Mrs. Carlton G., 352n6

Winchester and Clarke County Garden Club, Winchester, VA, 353n6

Wirt, Lincoln L., 205–6, 217n8

wisdom (mirror regalia), 486

Witsell, Edward, 458

Witte, M., 64n11

Wolseley, Frances, 391n17

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 86–87, 102n7

women

voting rights in Japan, 126

Women’s College, 115

women’s rights in Japan, 126–28

Wood, Leonard, 306n6

Wood, Mrs. Erskine, 352n6

Woodside-Atherton Garden Club, Woodside and Atherton CA, 353n6

Woodward, Robert S., 62n7

Worcester Garden Club, Worcester, MA, 353n6

World Affairs Councils of America (WACA), 593n13

world economic depression, 272, 301

World Federation of Education Associations, 168–173

World’s Sunday School Convention, 92

World War I

aftermath, 101n3, 250

aid of France, 451

Japanese participation, 39–57

Japanese Red Cross Society, 516

Japan joins Allies, 21–22

U.S./Japan relations and, 23–25

victory medals, 38

World War II

end of, 508

Hiroshima remembrance, 588

Holocaust, 549n7

Japanese American history, 135n3, 135n4

Jewish treatment, 509

Safe Zones, 521–23

surrender, 473

Tripartite Pact and, 435–36

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 484n3

WWI Alliance postcard illustration, 24

 

Yada, Mrs. Chonosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Yagi, Hiroshi, 324, 342n4

Yajima, Kajiko, 87–88

Yamamoto, Eriko, 127

Yamamoto, Isoroku, 275

Yamashika, Seika, 504n1

Yanagita, K., 63n10

Yasakani no Magatama jewel, 486

Yashiro, Yukio, 162n5, 589n1

Yasuda, Z., 63n10

Yasuda, Zenjiro, 164n6

Yata no Kagami mirror, 486

Yatsuta Maru liner, 425

“Yellow Journalism,” 298

“Yellow Peril,” 39, 63n9, 298

YMCA, 173

Yokohama Harbor, 329

Yoshida (musician), 131

Yoshida, Kazuko, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Shigeru, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Tamotsu, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Shigeru, 336, 354n8

Yoshihito, Crown Prince (Emperor Taisho), 444

Yoshino, Shinji, 414

Yoshitaka, Kimura, 18n2

Yost, Mrs. Ellis A., 87

Yuasa, Kurahel, 502

Yuasa, Mrs. Hachiro, 328, 347n5

Yukichi, Fukuzawa, 13, 18n2, 20n4

Yukiko (granddaughter of Tokugawa), 137

 

Zacharias, Ellis M., 250, 261, 270n2

Zero Population Growth (ZPG). See Population Connection

Ziemans (Reverend), 458

Zimmermann, Arthur, 56

Zimmermann Telegram, 56

Zojoji Temple, 112

Zumoto, M., 219n13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sept. 20th, 1917 Dinner Event to Honor the new U.S. Ambassador to Japan Roland S. Morris at the Bellevue Stratford, Hotel, Philadelphia. This event is linked to the 1917-1918 Viscount Ishii goodwill delegation visit.

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Circa 1917: Roland Sletor Morris. Following his Sept. 20th, 1917 reception in Philadelphia, Morris soon proceeded to Japan. Source: Library of Congress /Bain News Service.

 

The interior of the Program/Menu to the reception is presented below.

This diplomatic event and the prominent individuals who attended it, offers a window to several significant international issues of that day.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dinner to Honorable Roland S. Morris

American Ambassador to Japan

on Thursday evening September 20th, 1917

The Bellevue-Stratford [Hotel], Philadelphia

 

Speakers

–Honorable William Potter (ex-Minister to Italy)

Toastmaster

–Honorable Thomas B. Smith (November 2, 1869–April 17, 1949) served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and was the 82nd Mayor of Philadelphia from 1916 until 1920.

–His Excellency Aimaro Sato (aka Yoshimaro Satō (佐藤 愛麿, April 22, 1857 – January 12, 1934) was the Japanese Ambassador to the United States from 1916 to 1918.

–Honorable Frank Lyon Polk Frank Lyon Polk (September 13, 1871 – February 7, 1943) was a prominent United States lawyer and diplomat, who was also a name partner of the law firm today known as Davis Polk & Wardwell. At the time of this reception he held the position of Counselor Department of State

–Honorable Alexander Mitchell Palmer (May 4, 1872 – May 11, 1936), was United States Attorney General from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare (U.S. efforts against communists in America) of 1919–20. Palmer selected J. Edgar Hoover to his position in newly formed federal intelligence organization that would become the F.B.I.

–Honorable Robert von Moschzisker (March 6, 1870 – November 21, 1939) a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1909 to 1921 and Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930.

–Francis A. Lewis, Esq.

–William A. Glasgow, Jr., Esq. (April 29, 1865 – March 14, 1930) [Note 8]                  

–Honorable Roland S. Morris

American Ambassador to Japan

 

The reception for Morris took place at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, a landmark building at 200 S. Broad Street at the corner of Walnut Street in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Engraved 1916 letterhead of the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, PA, with vignettes of both that hotel, as well as those of the Waldorf and Astoria Hotels in New York all of which were then operating under the management of George Boldt. Source courtesy of: “The Cooper Collection of U.S. Hotel History” [1]

 

The below news article describes this festive diplomatic ballroom event, with 600 attendees, including many members Philadelphia’s judiciary, two U.S. senators, a fellow U.S. ambassador, and many other prominent supporters of the civic life in this city and State.

The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 20th, 1917, Thu • Page 10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Below is another news article that described the Sept. 20th diplomatic event:

Evening Public Ledger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 21, 1917, Friday • Page 9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

At the event His Excellency Aimaro Sato Japanese Ambassador to the United States, stated that, “He rejoiced in the appointment of Mr. Morris as Ambassador to his country. He said he considered him the man to bring about the kind of relations which are needed in this time of world turmoil.”

Ambassador Morris stated, “I believe there are no pending questions between America and Japan which, if approached in a frank and generous spirit, are not susceptible of an honorable and fair judgement.” Those are not. They were uttered by his Excellency, Viscount Ishii.

 

Eleven days earlier, Ambassador Morris and his wife entertained Viscount Ishii and his peace mission. During 1917-1918, Ishii and his delegation travelled the U.S., attempting to negotiate a compromise with the U.S. to ease U.S. Japan tensions. See below news article:

The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 9th, 1917, Sunday • Page 64

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The result of Ishii’s visit was the Lansing: Ishii Agreement a diplomatic note signed between the U.S. and Japan on November 2, 1917 linked to their disputes with regards to China. In the published text of the Agreement, signed by U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Japanese special envoy Ishii Kikujirō, both parties pledged to uphold the Open Door Policy in China, with respect to its territorial and administrative integrity. However, the U.S. acknowledged that Japan had “special interests” in China due to its geographic proximity, especially in those areas of China adjacent to Japanese territory, which was in full alignment to the Open Door Policy. [2]

In a secret protocol attached to the public Agreement, both parties agreed not to take advantage of the special opportunities presented by World War I to seek special rights or privileges in China at the expense of other nations allied in the war effort against Germany.

Note: An upcoming blog post on this website will focus on the Lansing: Ishii Agreement

 

Some general biographical information about Roland Sletor Morris (March 11, 1874 – November 23, 1945): Morris was a U.S. diplomat and politician. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 1917 to 1921, and is perhaps best remembered for his special missions to Siberia in 1918 and 1919. He was one of the founding partners of the law firm of Duane Morris, in Philadelphia. For additional biographical info about Ambassador Morris see notes: [3] [4] [5] [6] Morris’ official papers are in the Library of Congress.

 

Some pivotal issues of the day during Morris’s time as Ambassador to Japan, which affected U.S., European, Russian, Chinese and Japanese relations:

-The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 combined with destruction of World War One destabilized mainly Europe and Russia, and in its aftermath, created uncertainties as to who would now take the leadership roles in Asia. Would the prior now weakened European colonial powers retain their positions, and to what degree would the rise Japanese influence impact the situation? [7]

-Japan had been an active ally of the democracies in WWI, and she felt she deserved to be treated as an equal to the European powers and the U.S. Despite her support in WWI, she felt dishonored when she saw racism shown against Japanese Americans living in the U.S. She viewed the great instability and civil war in Russia, and felt she was justified to have a larger presence in China, so as to contain the Russian Bolshevik movement from moving into China.

-The U.S. took the stance that the best way for China to resist moving towards communism, was for China’s territory to remain intact. The U.S. accepted that prior colonial powers could continue to hold significant influence in China, but that China not be divided up by those nations. Instead, the U.S. promoted the Open Door Policy with the hope China would move towards democracy. There was idealism and optimism to this approach, which could not stand up to the future destabilizing rise of communism and fascism leading to World War Two.

 

                  AMBASSADOR MORRIS ARRIVES IN JAPAN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circa 1918: U.S. Ambassador Roland Sletor Morris going to call on Japanese Emperor Taisho. Source: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circa 1918: Roland S. Morris in Tokyo, seated in front of artwork.

Source: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).

 

Ambassador Roland S. Morris accompanied by U.S. naval officers of the U.S.S. Brooklyn (ACR-3) – Right to left, Captain Althaus, Admiral Roger, Ambassador Morris, Lt. Commander Smith, and Lt. Commander Estes at Vladivostok, Russia. Circa 1918 to 1919.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Postcard: Springfield College Archives and Special Collections

Courtesy of: Cliff Smith YMCA Postcard Collection

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S.S. Brooklyn (ACR-3) at anchor, c. 1898.

United States Navy

Built: 1893–1896

In commission:     1896–1921

Namesake:  City of Brooklyn, New York

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Portrait photo of Roland Sletor Morris

Book source: The World’s Work, 1919: https://archive.org/stream/worldswork38gard#page/566/mode/2up

Ambassador Morris was in Japan, taking a supportive role for the White Russians who are resisting the Bolshevik takeover of the important port city of Vladivostok.

 

The historical novel The Emperor and the Spy dramatically presents the exciting events surrounding this period of history in Vladivostok, and how a regional war almost erupted, but was prevented in 1922 by an American military intelligence agent Captain Sidney Mashbir.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Available in Print, EBook, and Audiobook:

Here are links to the book.

Barnes & Nobles link

Amazon Link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1921 Ambassador Roland S. Morris is called back from Japan to Washington, D.C. to negotiate with Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. Baron Shidehara. In 1921, Baron Shidehara accompanied Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, who headed Japanese delegation to the Washington Naval Arms Conference in the U.S. capital – Where they met with the leaders of many other nations to work out a naval arms limitation treaty, which was signed in 1922.

Book source for the photo: The World’s Work, 1921: https://archive.org/stream/worldswork41gard#page/318/mode/2up

Author: Underwood & Underwood

 

The Art of Peace illustrated biography highlights the diplomatic engagements between leaders of the U.S. and Japan during the first four decades of the twentieth century, in their support of democracy and their creative pursuit of goodwill, in spite of the turbulent times they lived. So influential was Prince Tokugawa and his Japanese supporters, that it would only be after Tokugawa’s passing in 1940, that Japan was pressured to ally with the Axis Powers in WWII.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Link to the Introduction:

THE ART OF PEACE

 

NOTES

[1] Constructed in 1904 and expanded to its present size in 1912, Bellevue-Stratford Hotel has continued as a well-known institution for more than a century and is still widely known by that original, historic name. In 1988 the building was converted to a mixed-use development. It has been known since then as The Bellevue. The hotel portion is currently managed by Hyatt as The Bellevue Hotel.]

[2] Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945, page 48

[3] Biography and History from: Princeton University Library Finding Aids: Morris, Roland S. (Roland Sletor), 1874-1945.

“Roland S. (Sletor) Morris was a leader of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania and was the ambassador to Japan from 1917-1921…born in Olympia, Washington on March 11, 1874 to Thomas Burnside Morris and Sarah Arndt Sletor. Morris attended the Lawrenceville School before entering Princeton University in September 1892. He graduated in June 1896, and went to the University of Pennsylvania Law School from 1896-1899, graduating cum laude. After receiving his law degree, Morris practiced law in Philadelphia at the firm of Duane, Morris and Heckscher. Morris was also politically active; he was the Chairman of the Democratic State Finance Committee in 1908 and from 1913-1916; additionally, he was a delegate or delegate at large to the Democratic National Convention in 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, and 1928. President Woodrow Wilson appointed him as Ambassador to Japan from 1917-1921, and sent him on a special mission to Siberia from 1918-1919. Morris was a professor of international law at the University of Pennsylvania beginning in 1924, President of the American Philosophical Society, a trustee of both Princeton University and Temple University, and a Regent of the Smithsonian Institute.”

[4] In 1934, Morris lost the Pennsylvania Democratic U.S. Senate primary to Joseph Guffey, who was subsequently elected. Source: “Pennsylvania Oracle”. Time Magazine. 1934-05-28.

[5] Morris was one of the founding partners in 1904, of the law firm Duane, Morris, Heckscher and Roberts that is currently known as Duane Morris, which has offices in the United States, London, Singapore, Viet Nam, Oman, Myanmar, Shanghai and Taiwan. Morris also served as the Chancellor of the Philadelphia Bar Association, 1933 to 1935.  Source: The Duane Morris firm website.

[6] Morris was one of the reception hosts at the 1934 Japan Society of New York City Annual Gala Dinner event honoring the visit of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa. A blog post for that event is included on this website. Source: TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com blog

[7] The Russian Revolution began during the First World War. The revolution erupted in the context of Russia’s major military losses during that War, which resulted in much of the Russian Army being ready to mutiny. The situation climaxed with the October Revolution in 1917, a Bolshevik-led armed insurrection by workers and soldiers in Petrograd that successfully overthrew the Provisional Government, transferring all its authority to the Soviets.

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917, and concluding in 1923 after the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union, resulting in the end of the Civil War. They also established Soviet power in the newly independent republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Ukraine, and brought these jurisdictions into unification under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922. Victorious, they reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party.

[8] William A. Glasgow, Jr., Esq. (April 29, 1865 – March 14, 1930) was one of the speakers at the Ambassador Morris dinner event.                        Source: Ancestry.com. Since there is no Wikipedia page, the below obituary announcement is included to honor his memory.