Stan. S. Katz

Author of The Emperor and the Spy

Colonel Sidney Mashbir’s good friend Colonel Robert F. Warren has just had his autobiography “Only In My America” published highlighting his distinguished military aviation career.

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As an author and historian who has studied and written about Colonel Sidney Mashbir, it was my good fortune when Marine Colonel Robert Warren and his son Marine Captain William Warren contacted me three years ago in 2018 to discuss their close friendship with Colonel Mashbir decades earlier.

During the years leading up to and during World War One, Mashbir had taken a pivotal role in maintaining US homeland security against foreign enemy agents. During WWII, Mashbir headed a top-secret intelligence gathering organization for the Allies that greatly shaped military strategy in the Pacific theater of war. Mashbir met and shared this information with General Douglas MacArthur on a daily basis throughout the war. MacArthur five times recommended Colonel Mashbir be promoted to Brigadier General, but political differences following WWII, resulted in Colonel Mashbir never getting that deserved promotion. To learn more about Colonel Mashbir, fascinating exploits, you’re invited to explore this website TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com when you get the opportunity.

Robert and William Warren, both being younger than Mashbir, were inspired and influenced by Colonel Mashbir’s dedication to the United States of America. Colonel Mashbir was likewise impressed by the heroic military careers of Robert and William Warren and their dedication to their nation. William and Robert were interviewed and generously shared various personal and historical insights about their friend Sidney Mashbir. They also shared some fascinating photos linked to Mashbir’s career.

Both Colonel Mashbir and Colonel Warren had a mutual interest in military aviation – Colonel Mashbir designed the first sonar-guided blind-landing aviation guidance system for the military. And anticipation of the potential outbreak of WWII, Mashbir took a pivotal role in guiding the US industrial production of essential Naval aviation equipment and supplies during the decade prior to WWII.

 

 

BELOW IS A DESCRIPTION OF COLONEL ROBERT F. WARREN’S IMPRESSIVE AUTOBIOGRAPHY:

This is the engaging life story of a decorated United States Marine Corps aviator, who served with distinction in World War II, Vietnam and Korea. Colonel Robert F. Warren is the only Marine aviator who has commanded both a Marine Helicopter Squadron and later a Marine Jet Attack Squadron. Along the way, Colonel Warren earned three Distinguished Flying Crosses, the Legion of Merit with Combat “V” and many other awards in recognition of his heroism and achievements in aerial flight, and his significant contributions to the success of the United States Marine Corps.
Born in Riverside, MI and raised in nearby Coloma, MI after being orphaned by the death of his mother, and the absence of his father, Bob was later adopted by family members. Separated from his older brother, they would both grow up to be pilots – Bill a pioneer in commercial aviation, and Bob a career military pilot.

Bob joined the Navy Flight Training Program in August, 1942. He received his Naval Aviator Wings and Marine Corps 2nd Lieutenant commission at the age of 19. He trained to be a night fighter pilot at Vero Beach, FL in 1944.

In 1945, during World War II, Bob fought as a Marine night fighter pilot during the Battle for Okinawa, and he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for “heroism and extraordinary achievement in aerial flight”.

Warren instructed Marine fixed-wing pilots transitioning to helicopters, at the outbreak of the Korean War, as part of Helicopter Experimental Squadron One in Quantico, VA (HMX-1).  He was one of three original officers assigned to Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161); the first U.S. Military all-helicopter squadron, commissioned in January of 1951. Seven months later, HMR-161 embarked on the USS Sitkoh Bay (CVE-86) for Korea.

Warren was a pioneer helicopter pilot during the Korean War, designing and manufacturing external sling hoists and quick releasing cargo hooks, in the machine shop on board the Sitkoh Bay, en route to Korea. In Korea, HMR-161 was located farther into North Korea than any other U.S. or South Korean force.

Warren participated in Operations Windmill I and II, the first time entire front line battalions were relieved in place, completely by helicopter. Warren was awarded a second Distinguished Flying Cross for Operation Blackbird, a combat operation executed in complete darkness. It was considered the most dangerous mission during the squadron’s entire Korean combat tour. Warren was awarded a third Distinguished Flying Cross for his heroic efforts to rescue a downed pilot forty miles behind enemy lines.

After 14 years of helicopter flying, without an accident, Warren transitioned to flying swept-wing jets. He was assigned as Commanding Officer of a A-4 Marine Attack Squadron 331 (VMA-331). Colonel Warren served a thirteen month tour with distinction in Vietnam. Returning to CA, he commanded a Marine Air Group at MCAS, Tustin.

Warren retired in September, 1969 after more than 27 years of military flying. Between 1981 and 1987, Warren was recalled to active duty six times, to serve at the Pentagon on an Advisory Committee on Retired Personnel.

 

Below are some additional fascinating historical materials and information linked to the military career of Robert Warren:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1965: Colonel Robert F. Warren VMA 331 CO.

Below is the jet linked to Colonel Robert F. Warren:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1969: Colonel Robert F. Warren.

Col. Robert F. Warren was honored into the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame on May 21, 2011. This hall of fame is part of what is known as the Air Zoo, which described below:

 

About the Air Zoo

The Air Zoo is a highly charged, multi-sensory atmosphere that goes beyond anything you’ve ever seen. It’s like no place else on Earth!

The Air Zoo, founded as the Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum, is an aviation museum and indoor amusement park next to the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek International Airport in Portage, Michigan. The Air Zoo holds many historical and rare aircraft, including the world’s fastest air-breathing aircraft, the SR-71B Blackbird. Many of its antique planes are airworthy. Among its other attractions are a 180-degree Theater that projects a 4-D simulation of a B-17 bombing mission during World War II. There are also various amusement park-style rides, including Full-Motion Flight Simulators of a rocket trip to Mars, U.S. Navy F/A-18 Hornets, a stunt biplane, a hot air balloon, and more. Air Zoo is a Smithsonian Affiliate.

https://www.airzoo.org/

Voted the “Best Place to Take Out-of-Towners” and “Best Place to Spend a Day with Your Family” three years in a row, offering historical exhibits and educational activities.

Our Mission is to preserve the legacy of flight for present and future generations.

Our Vision is to be the number one aviation museum in the world.

Our Pledge is to provide the best experience possible to everyone, every time.

 

The below biographical material comes from the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame:

Colonel Robert F. Warren, USMC, Retired

1923-

Colonel Robert F. Warren was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan in 1923 and went on to join Helicopter Experimental Squadron One in Quantico, Virginia where he instructed marine fixed-wing pilots transitioning to helicopters at the outbreak of the Korean War. Warren was one of three original officers assigned to Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161), the first U.S. Military all-helicopter squadron.

Seven months after receiving its first helicopter, HMR-161 embarked on the USS Sitkoh Bay for Korea. Using the ship’s machine shops on route to Korea, Warren helped design and manufacture external sling hoists and quick-loading external cargo hooks which became the norm for helicopter operations for years to come.

Warren was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross for Operation Blackbird, a night combat operation executed in complete darkness and considered the most hazardous by HMR-161 during its entire Korean combat tour.
On February 8, 1952, he rescued a downed pilot 40 miles behind enemy lines for which he was awarded a second Distinguished Flying Cross. In 14 years of helicopter flying, he never had a single accident, although he experienced complete engine failure twice. Both times he auto rotated to a safe landing.

Back in the U.S., Warren was promoted to major and selected as aide-de-camp to Medal of Honor winner General Christian Schilt, USMC. Upon Schilt’s retirement in 1957, Warren returned to Santa Ana where he joined HMM-363. He was in charge of a three helicopter special mission which transported President Dwight Eisenhower from the San Francisco International Airport to the Presidio.

In the U.S., he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and served as a helicopter tactics instructor in the Marine Corps Command and Staff College in Quantico for the next four years. He was then transferred to the Marine Corps Air Station in Beaufort, S.C. to transition to flying fixed-wing jets. Upon completion, he was assigned as commanding officer, Marine Attack Squadron-331 (VMA-331). Warren is the only pilot to have commanded both a Marine Corps helicopter squadron (HMH-363) and a Marine Corps jet attack squadron (VMA-331).

In June of 1968, he returned to California in command of a Marine helicopter air group comprising seven squadrons and more than 5,000 Marines. He retired in September, 1969 after 27 years of active duty flying. From 1981 to 1987 he was recalled to active duty and ordered to the Pentagon six times to serve on an advisory committee for the Secretary of the Navy.
Col. Robert F. Warren was enshrined into the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame on May 21, 2011.

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Currently available as an EBook.

Print Edition available October 1, 2021, but can be pre-ordered. 

Being a new release, please consider sharing  a book review with Amazon, Barnes & Noble and Goodreads – Thank you.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This BLOG POST presents Robert Warren and William Warren’s personal memories of their secret agent friend Sidney Mashbir, someone they both highly respected. 

Another BLOG POST highlights Colonel Kelvin Bailey, a mutual friend of Colonel Mashbir and Colonel Warren, who after retiring from his distinguished military aviation career, became the personal/corporate pilot for Walt Disney.

 

 

 

Colonel Mashbir was instrumental in correcting an injustice that made a life-changing difference to a couple of young soldiers he never met. This historical material also gives insights into U.S. Korean relations and the rise of communism just prior to the outbreak of the Korean War (1950-1953).

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Shown below are a letter, a photo, and a four page document that were sent to me by Jody Baltz, the son-in-law of Robert Wilson Murphy, of one of those two soldiers.

Jody and his wife Lesa, who is the youngest of Wilson’s three daughters, contacted me to let me know that Colonel Mashbir was a hero not only to his father-in-law, but also to Jody and Lesa’s entire family, who deeply respected Colonel Mashbir for what he did.

Jody and Lesa live in Tullahoma, Tennessee.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circa 1950, Robert Wilson Murphy

Robert Wilson Murphy was restored to duty on 25 March 1949.

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September 2020

Stan:

Attached is the Memo that Col. Mashbir wrote in 1948 that restored my future father-in-law, Robert Wilson Murphy (1928-2017), to duty. He was in the 6th Division, 20th Infantry Regiment, during the Korean occupation (post-WWII) and stationed in Kwangju. The unit was involved in demobilizing the Japanese forces and providing back up to the Korean constables as Korea was overrun at that time by organized criminal and/or communist gangs. During his tour of duty he and another soldier were attacked, but blame was assessed against them, and both were court-martialed and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Eventually they were pardoned and restored to duty.

For over fifty years my father-in-law had a lot of guilt and embarrassment about being court-martialed and imprisoned. He would never talk about his service, but since we were interested he finally let us digitize his photo scrapbook that covered his time in the army and began to tell us about what had happened. In 2006 he obtained a copy of his service file (scorched and partially burned, but it survived the infamous 1973 St. Louis fire) and that is when we found out that Col. Mashbir was instrumental in correcting an injustice. He had written a memo that analyzed the case and recommended his restoration to duty, which was ultimately approved.

After reading about Col. Mashbir’s background and service, we soon realized that it was a miracle that Wilson’s case crossed his desk at that time – first, in that Mashbir was at the Pentagon only a short time before retiring, so the window of opportunity for him to review the case was small, and secondly, in that no one could better appreciate the Korean/Far East situation at the time.

We know it was not a big incident in Mashbir’s career, but it sure made a life-changing difference to a couple of young soldiers he never met and that is why I thought you would be interested in it.

If you have any questions, or need more info, just let me know. If convenient, please reply so that I know the email with the attachments got through to you.

 

Regards,

Jody Baltz

P.S. As an aside, for many years we could not understand why one of Wilson’s favorite movies was “A Few Good Men” since he rarely watched movies with profane language; that is, until we heard his story.

 

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The following four page document highlights Colonel Mashbir’s decision to exonerate Robert Wilson Murphy and another young soldier.

-Below the images of this document is a Transcription of the four pages.

This document almost didn’t survive a major fire, but it now lives on as a tribute to one of Colonel Mashbir’s many worthy achievements.

Colonel Mashbir’s father was an attorney, who went blind, and at the age of 13 Sidney Mashbir assisted his father in reading his legal documents to him, and various other legal responsibilities. His attorney  skills are apparent in the below document.

Thanks go out to you Jody and your family for sharing this material.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TRANSCRIPTION OF THE ABOVE FOUR PAGE DOCUMENT:

 

COPY:

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL

Washington 25, D. C.

AGEZ 220.89   (2 Dec 48)                                                  7 December 1948

 

MEMORANDUM FOR:    Colonel Lloyd R. Garrison, Chief, Correction Branch, AGO

 

SUBJECT:       Restoration to duty of Sergeant Robert W. Murphy, RA 14 219 538 and Private First Class Curtis V. Allred, RA 19 281 204.

 

DISCUSSION

 

  1. Both of these men were sentenced for “acting jointly and in pursuance of common intent” with certain Koreans, in the damaging of a field safe valued at $40.12; in the felonious taking, stealing and carrying away of a pistol, ammunition and military payment certificates of a total value of $4,333.75 (changed by the court to $1,500); and of wrongly displaying cowardice in permitting depredation of the Non-Commissioned Officers Club, 20th Infantry, and for wrongly displaying cowardice in failing to properly safeguard the contents of the club after overpowering the attackers, by permitting them to commit depredations of government property.

 

  1. Certain facts are at once apparent:

 

a. These men were convicted by evidence of two Koreans, admitted criminals, whose testimony was contradictory to that of the Americans.

 

b. When first attacked by the armed Koreans, although unarmed, they instantaneously, entirely as a reflex action without time for consideration, and with great personal courage attacked and disarmed the latter, one of them receiving a hand injury while so doing.

 

c. (1) As is clearly evidenced, on being given a chance to think of the matter these soldiers used very sound and, for their years, quite mature judgement.

 

(2) Murphy realized that the military payment certificates had no real value for the Koreans and told them so.

 

(3) In fact, he pretended to go along with their [illegible – fire damaged]

attempting revenge on the 1st Sergeant, and [illegible – fire damaged]

to burn the certificates. This clearly shows that he

used excellent judgement in that destruction [illegible – fire damaged]

entail no real loss. It must have been obvious to him

 

[Page 1]

 

 

AGEZ 220.89 (2 Dec 48)                                7 December 1948

SUBJECT:       Restoration to duty of Sergeant Robert W. Murphy, RA 14 219 538 and Private First Class Curtis V. Allred, RA 19 281 204.

 

that the threats to burn the club would, if carried out, be much more costly than some certificates which could be and were for the most part recaptured.

 

(4) Furthermore, the judgement he used in not shooting the Koreans when he had the shotgun is underlined by the fact that if he killed them both, he would have at least been convicted of manslaughter; had he only killed one, the other would have sworn him into prison. It must be borne in mind that the testimony of the Koreans who were self-confessed criminals, which was accepted to convict these men was directly contradictory to the evidence of the Americans themselves.

 

(5) Had they shot the Koreans the prosecution undoubtedly would have adduced evidence to prove that the duties of the soldiers were that of cook and mess-attendant; that they were not officially posted as sentries, and that the use of force was illegal. This latter point would have been emphasized by showing that Murphy shot them with a shotgun instead of a service weapon.

 

(6) The threats of the Koreans to the effect that their communist friends were surrounding the building and would kill the Americans and burn the building were admitted by the trial JA to have been the principal motive and cannot be discounted, as throughout the war we found the Koreans to be cowardly as individuals but cruel in gangs. The Korean conscript laborers when captured complained much more of the cruelty of their own Korean non-coms than that of the Japs. After the earthquake in Japan (1 September 1923) bands of Koreans began to loot, burn and rape, and to poison wells almost as soon as the fifteen minute first shock ended.

 

(7) It was a fair assumption, even to two youngsters relatively new to the Orient, that the two men alone would hardly have attempted the crime, unless covered by a larger force.

 

(8) The disparity in sizes was meaningless [this page section was fire destroyed]

all adult males are taught some form [this page section was fire destroyed]

 

-2-

 

 

AGEZ 220.89 (2 Dec 48)                                                                            7 December 1948

SUBJECT:       Restoration to duty of Sergeant Robert W. Murphy, RA 14 219 538 and Private First Class Curtis V. Allred, RA 19 281 204.

 

Had they been expert athletes could the boys have coped with them unarmed. One of our earlier prisoners – a Korean coolie – feigned illness in the compound and when the Australian sentry came over to aid him, this five foot prisoner flipped the six foot armed Aussie half way across the yard.

 

  1. Entirely aside from the threat of the Koreans that the band of communists would kill them later and burn the club, we have two American youths of excellent character, from average families, with good religious and family upbringing, to whom undoubtedly the killing of anyone – let alone unarmed men – would be repugnant, faced with the decision of calmly shooting them down with a shotgun in cold blood, or permitting them to damage a safe and burn some certificates or steal them knowing they would surely be caught. They had already shown their courage by their instinctive reflex action to surprise.

 

  1. As opposed to this, and after their first reckless attack which did disarm the Koreans, the two men were confronted with the decision as to whether or not they should risk – what from the threats which they believed, appeared to be – certain death and the destruction of the entire club building and all its contents, in order to safeguard some comparatively worthless items which it was not, repeat not, their duty to guard with their lives.

 

CONCLUSIONS:

 

  1. That the men both showed adequate courage in attacking and disarming the Koreans.

 

  1. That, realizing the relative uselessness of the material to the Koreans and the moral certainty of its recapture, with good judgement the did not uselessly,

 

  1. Risk what they believed to be certain death from the communists.

 

  1. Risk destruction by fire of the clubhouse and all [illegible – fire damaged] tents which were much more valuable, than the articles taken.

 

  1. That had they shot one or both of the unarmed Koreans [illegible – page section fire damaged]

gun they would inevitably have been charged with murder [illegible – page section fire damaged]

 

-3-

 

 

 

AGEZ 220.89 (2 Dec 48)                                               7 December 1948

SUBJECT:       Restoration to duty of Sergeant Robert W. Murphy, RA 14 219 538 and Private First Class Curtis V. Allred, RA 19 281 204.

 

convicted, and had one or both Koreans survived, their perjured testimony would surely have convicted the two Americans.

 

  1. That the disparity in physical size was meaningless in view of the age, toughness and probable skill in Judo of the Koreans.

 

  1. That neither man was duly posted or armed as a sentry and that as cook and mess attendant it was not, repeat not, their duty to risk their lives for a $40.00 field safe, a non-regulation privately owned pistol and $1500 in military payment certificates which were worthless to the thieves.

 

  1. That for some unknown reason, which might possibly have political implications, the sworn testimony of two American soldiers of excellent character, who could not have and were not alleged to or proven to have derived any pecuniary benefit, was disregarded and the evidence of self-admitted foreign criminals was accepted.

 

  1. That the threat of seven communist confederates who would kill them and burn the building was highly credible… and was obviously fully believed by the two young Americans. This is admitted by the trial Judge Advocate to have been the real activating force.

 

  1. That no civil crime of any kind was involved and the crime of larceny should not have been alleged.

 

RECOMMENDATIONS

 

  1. That both men be restored to duty at the earliest practicable moment.

 

  1. That steps be immediately inaugurated to set aside the findings of the court martial.

 

/s/ Sidney F. Mashbir

 

SIDNEY F. MASHBIR

Colonel [illegible – fire char]

Branch [illegible – fire char]

 

 

-4-

 

 

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT COLONEL MASHBIR, YOU’RE INVITED TO VISIT THE WEBSITE:

TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prince Tokugawa’s illustrated biography comes in two versions: THE ART OF PEACE digital edition & the Print and Kindle edition titled: THE ART OF DIPLOMACY.

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DIGITAL EBOOK EDITION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PRINT & KINDLE EDITION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“The Art of Peace” & “The Art of Diplomacy”

Both versions have many similarities.

“The Art of Peace,” however, has an additional 100 pages of historical notes to assist researchers.

To get a sense of the extensive historical material presented, presented below is the INDEX for “The Art of Peace” digital edition.

Note: When the letter ‘n’ follows page numbers and has a number after it – that tells you that that topic is presented within a Chapter note with that number.

AAS (American Antiquarian Society), 223

Abe, Shinzo, 580, 587–88, 600–605n25

Abraham Lincoln Commemorative Medal, 116

academic medals to Japanese students, 115

Academic WorldQuest™ (AWQ), 594n13

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 166

ACJ (American Center Japan), 484n3

Adachi, Mineichirō, 64n11, 591n5

Adrenalin®, 216n5

Aesthetic Dancers, 377

Akihito (Emperor of Japan), 269, 474, 478, 566, 568

Akihito (Empress of Japan), 566

Akitake Tokugawa Delegation, 186

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 189–191

Alger, Mrs. Russell A., 351n6

Alice in Asia The 1905 Taft Mission to Asia As told in Crowded Hours Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (exhibition), 37, 359, 381n3

Alice Roosevelt Longworth Collection, 382n3

Allenby, Edmund Field Marshal, 447-448

Military commander during WWI of Lawrence of Arabia

host to Crown Prince Hirohito in 1921

Allies, 21–22, 39–57, 101n3, 471

Amau, Mrs. Eiji, 341n4, 346n5

Ambrose, Edna, 351n6

America-Japan Society (AJS)

academic medals given to Japanese students, 115

American All-Stars luncheon, 406

continued today, 580

dinner honoring Garden Club, 319

Fiftieth Anniversary of Grant’s death, 114

Garden Club of America (GCA) visit, 314–356

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Lincoln essay contest, 115–120

mission statement, 420n2

origins of, 595n14

Special Bulletin with Tokuda’s essay, 118

stone lantern gift, 174–180

American All-Star Baseball Team, 32, 405–7

American Antiquarian Society (AAS), 223

American Center Japan (ACJ), 484n3

American Hebrew and Jewish Messenger (journal), 511–15, 550–54n8

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

American Minister to Japan, Harris, 184

American Pictorial (magazine), 67, 75–77

American pragmatism and Chinese modernization Importing the Missouri model of journalism education to modern China (Volz and Lee), 181n3

American Red Cross, 546n1

American School in Tokyo, 422

American Sports Congress, 173

American Stock Exchange, 31, 370

American Union Bank, 272

American Youth Hostel, 173

Anesaki, Masaharu, 162n5

Anglo-Japanese exposition. See Japanese-British Exhibition

Anti-Comintern Pact, 434

anti-Semitism, 508, 521, 537–39

Aoki, Setsuichi, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5, 589n1

Aoyama Funeral Hall, 498

Aoyama Gakuin University, 115

Arai, Gyoji, 344n5

Arai, Mrs. Ryoichiro, 342n4, 345n5

Arai, Mrs. Yoneo, 341n4, 345n5

Araki, Sadao, 311n8

Arc de Triomphe, 451

Arlington National Cemetery, 267, 296

Armenian genocide, 204–7, 217n8

Armenian Relief Committee of Japan, 206–7, 217n8

Armenian Weekly (magazine), 204–7, 217n8, 218n9

arms limitation treaty, 509

arms race, 67

. See also Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 359, 382n3

Asabuki, Tsunekichi, 346n5

Asahi (newspaper), 59n5, 189, 386n14, 388n16

Asano, Jinshichi, 342n4

Asano, Ryozo, 162n5, 343n4

Asayama, Tominosuke, 344n5

asbarez.com, 218n10

Ashbury Park Press (newspaper), 312n10

Ashino, Kimiko, 341n4, 347n5

Ashton, Mr. and Mrs. James M., 352n6

assassination attempt, against Yuasa, 502

Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, 189

Austin, Mrs. J. Alex, 350n6

Avenue des Champs-Élysées, 451

Awa Maru, S.S., 374

Axis Power allies, 435

 

Babbitt, Sarah Carter, 350n6

Babkenian, Vicken, 218n10

Bacon, Augustus Octavius, 29, 30, 372

Bakumatsu Osaka Castle, 18n1

Baldwin, Mrs. Karl, 87

Balfour, Arthur James, 80, 89

Ballantine, Joseph W., 137

Baltimore News-Post (newspaper), 429

Bank of Japan, 497, 505n2

bank runs, during Great Depression, 272

Barger, Edna, 351n6

Barnes, Mrs. John S., 353n6

Barreras Jr., Antonio, 97

baseball, 32, 405–7

Baseball Hall of Fame, 407

Bates, Frances C., 353n6

Battle of Tsushima Strait (1905), 24

Bedford Garden Club, Bedford Hills, NY, 349n6

Beebe, Mr. and Mrs. Marcus, 354n8

Benes, Eduard, 62n7

benevolence (jewel regalia), 486

Bennett, Richard B., 62n7

Besange, Robert Jacquinot de, 521–22

Betty (daughter of Joseph W. Ballantine), 137

Bickel, Karl, 279

Big Nine (chief delegates), 79

Billy, Robert de, 591n5

birthday anniversary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, 464

Bismarck, Otto von 12 Black Tuesday, 12

Black Tuesday, 272

Blood Brotherhood of Japan, 501

Boardman, Mabel T., 546n1

Boardman, Mrs. William J., 546n1

Board of Tourist Industry, 408

Bohr, Nils, 468, 484n4

Bolshevik Revolution, 74, 101n3

Bone, Scott C., 306n6

Borah, William, 274

Borden, Robert, 89

Bovard, Mrs. Oliver K., 352n6

Boyd, Lizzie E., 350n6

Brandegee, Frank B., 30, 372

Briand, Aristide, 80, 89, 546n1

Brooke, John M., 18n2, 20

Brookings, Robert S., 61n7

Brooks, Brian, 177–78

Brown, Mr. and Mrs. Theodore E., 351n6

Bruce, S. M., 306n6

Buat, Edmond, 546n1

Buchanan, James, 19

Buckingham Palace, 447

Buffalo Commercial (newspaper), 103n8

Buffalo Times (newspaper), 103n9

Bulkley, Jonathan, 352n6

Bulkley, Mrs. Jonathan, 318, 320, 348n6, 352n6

Buma, Mrs. Kyoichi, 328, 347n5

Bunker, Frank F., 306n6

Burleson, Albert S., 30, 372

Burlington Free Press (newspaper), 270n1

Burnett, Charles, 119, 456, 458

Burnham, David, 350n6

Burnham, Mrs. Claude G., 350n6

Bush, Laura, 393n21

Butler, Nicholas Murray, 62n7, 167, 255–58

 

Cabell, Mrs. Henry F., 352n6

Caldwell, Barbara, 379

calligraphy, 16, 210

Canada/Japan relations, 592n8

canned interviews, 34, 371, 386n15

Cannon, Joseph Gurney, 30, 372

Carlos and Malú Alvarez Academic WorldQuest National Competition, 594n13

Carmody, Dr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Carnegie, Andrew, 33

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 33, 61n7, 257, 258, 372

Carnegie Institute, 33, 372

Carnegie Steel Corporation, 258

Carnegie Steel Mills, 33, 372

Carnets magazine, 248n2

Carpenter, Fred W., 58n2, 381n2

Carter, Thomas H., 30, 372

caste system, 121

Catonsville Garden Club, MD, 349n6

Cattler, M. Felician, 546n1

Century Publishing, NY, 221

Chamberlain to the Imperial Court, Tokugawa, 440

cherry blossoms

gift of trees, 32, 200, 334, 357–379, 392n21, 583

historical/cultural overview, 380n1

viewing party, 130

Washington, D.C., 261, 374

Chestnut Hill Garden Club, MA, 349n6

“Chicago–1930” (Marvin), 244, 248n2

Chicago Stadium, 242

Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 386n15

Chicago World’s Fair, 312n11, 404

Chichibu (prince), 444

Chichibu Maru, M.S., 315

Chida, Hiroshi, 109

children’s orphanages, 133

Chikako, Kazu-no-Miya, wife of Shogun Iemochi, 6

Chilton, Mrs. William E., 350n6

Chinda, Iwa, 374, 392n21

Chinda, Sutemi, 200, 203, 217n6, 374

Chinese-American citizens, 25

Chinese civilians, 508, 542–44

Chinese delegation, 89

Cho, Tsugiyoshi, 484n5

Choate, Joseph H., 61n7

Choate, Mabel, 348n6, 350n6

Chrysanthemum flower, 486

Cincinnati Garden Club, OH, 349n6

civil war, in Japan, 410

Civil War, U.S., 25, 104, 107–8, 116

Clark, E. Warren, 13–15, 20n4

Claudel, Paul, 274

Clear, W. J., 458

Cleveland Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Clinton, Hillary, 392n21

Cochran, George Ira, 165, 181n1, 571

Coe, Mrs. Henry E., 349n6

Cohasset Garden Club, MA, 349n6

Cold War, 436

colonialism, 23, 74, 125, 221

Columbia Broadcasting System, 62n7

Columbia University, 167, 257

Committee for the Advancement of the Negro Race (1906), 220

Committee on World Friendship Among Children, 138

communism, 250, 414, 443–46, 470

Congress Hall by Night, Japan-British Exhibition, 37

Connecticut Valley Garden Club, 349n6

Constitution (1889), 21

Continental Hall, 78

Coolidge, Calvin, 87, 273, 274, 306n6

Coolidge, Mrs. Calvin, 546n1

Coolidge, Mrs. Harold J., 351n6

cornerstone laying dedication ceremony, 422

Cornig, Mrs. Erastus, 354n8

Costin, Alex, 548n6

Country Life magazine, 249

Court of Progress, Japan-British Exhibition, 35

Craig, Malin, 268

Crane, Mrs. Carey, 341n4

Crane, Mrs. W. C., 346n5

Cross, Mary R., 348n6, 351n6

Cummings, Hugh S., 286

Curley, James Michael, 263

 

Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd., 216n5

daimyo lords, 3

Dai Nihonshi (history book started by Mitsukuni), 598n19

Dan, Baroness Ino, 341n4, 346n5

Dan, Ino, 162n5, 343n4, 344n5, 345n5

Dan, Takuma, 490, 496, 499, 501, 505n2

dan system, 409

Darby, William L., 141, 160n2

Darrach, Mrs. William, 348n6, 350n6

Daughters of the American Revolution Memorial Hall, 73

Davis, Mrs. Livingston, 349n6

Davison, Henry P., 53, 54

Davison, Marion M., 337n3

Davison, Mrs. Chesebrough, 351n6

Dayton Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Deacon, Richard, 495

death threats and assassinations, 493–503, 505n2

Debuchi, Katsuji, 259–261, 274, 275, 426, 463–65

Debuchi, Mrs. Katsuji, 259, 261, 346n5

Debuchi, Takako, 341n4, 347n5

De Forest, J. H., 384n11

demilitarized areas. See safe zones

Den, Makoto, 344n5

Denby, Edwin, 93

Denby, Jr., Charles, 93, 94

Denby, Mrs. Charles, 546n1

Densho (educational organization), 128, 135n3

Densho Encyclopedia, 135n3

Department of Cinema, USC, 166

Depew, Chauncey, 29, 372

Dern, George H., 311n8

DeYoung, M. H., 32, 370

Dillingsworth, Lt., 458

diplomacy, 229–247

diplomatic/education events, 579–580

diplomatic mission sent by Shogun Iemochi, 6–7

disabilities, 129–133

disarmament movement. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

discrimination, 123–25, 139, 160n2, 384n11, 424, 509

documentary films, 267, 270n4, 524–25, 547n5

Doi, Michio, 213n2

Doi, Mitsutomo, 589n1

Dolls of Friendship: The Story of a Goodwill Project between the Children of America and Japan, 138, 160n2

Dome of the U.S. Capitol, 73

Domoto, Insho, 163n6

Domoto, Tomiko, 340n4, 347n5

Dotzler, Carl (Karl), 590n3

Doughty, Mrs. L. G., 352n6

Duchess de Rohan, 57

Dunn, James Clement, 286

DuPont, Mrs. William K., 348n6, 353n6

Durrach, Mrs. W., 318

Dyer, Brainerd, 95

Early, Stephen T., 286

East & West Meeting, 198–202

Easthampton Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Eavesdropping on Hell Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (Hanyok), 537–39, 549n7

Edgar Thomson Steel Mills, 33, 372

Edison, Thomas Alva, 190

Edoff, Mrs. Frank J., 352n6

Edo Inheritance, The (Tsunenari), 598n20

Education Conference, Pan-Pacific, 168–173

Education for International Co-operation, 173

Edward (King of England), 58n1

Egypt, Egyptian Museum, the National Library, Arabian Fine Arts Gallery, the Citadel, the Mosque of Mohammed, 447-448

Eisenhower, Mamie, 392n21

Eliot, Charles W., 61n7

Elliott, Mrs. Stewart, 353n6

Ely, Joseph B., 263

Emmanuel III, Victor, 22

Emperor and the Spy, The (Heifetz), 142, 455, 478, 482, 533, 545, 580

Emperor Meiji Shrine, 427

Englewood Garden Club, NJ, 349n6

English, Mrs. Robert P., 349n6

Enlai, Zhou, 545

Enomoto, Mrs. Ryuichiro, 341n4, 347n5

enthronement, 463, 486–492

Enthronement (book), 488–89

Enthronement Edition, 488–492, 504n1, 505n2

Eppley, Marion, 351n6

Escape to the Rising Sun (film), 547n5

Esperanto, 173

Espy, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur, 349n6

ETA. See Suiheisha Society

Ethiopia, 508, 527–28

Eton College, 11–12

Evening Star (newspaper), 29, 59n4, 372, 387n16

Evening Sun (newspaper), 526

Exchange Club, The, 481, 485n6

Executive Committee, Exhibition Advisory Committee, 345n5

Exile Shanghai (film), 547n5

expansionism, American, 23

 

Fairchild, David, 363

Fairfield Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Family of Nations broadcast, 62n7

farm communities, 301

Farrington, Wallace R., 306n6

Father of Modern Japanese Banking and Capitalism. See Shibusawa, Eiichi

Favre, Guillaume, 520

Faymonville, P. R., 458

Feast of Peach Blossoms (Doll’s Festival), 137

Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, 160n1

feudalism, 3

Field Museum of Natural History, 267

Fife, Mrs. Robert H., 318, 320, 348n6, 351n6

Fifteen Lectures on Showa Japan, Road to the Pacific War in Recent Historiography (Kiyotada), 506n3, 580, 593n12

Finley, John Huston, 225

first ladies, U.S., 392–93n21

First National Bank, 188

Fisher, Tony, 478, 481

Fishing Boat on a Dark Night (Buson), 158

Flame of Peace, 416

Fleisher, Benjamin W., 504n1

Fleisher, Mrs. B. W., 342n4, 346n5

Foch, Marshal, 262

Fock, D., 306n6

Fontainebleau Palace, 450

Forbes, W. Cameron, 397

Force, Mrs. R. C., 352n6

Ford, Alexander Hume, 304n6, 306n6, 309n7

Foster, Charles H., 546n1

Foster, John W., 61n7

Four Counties Garden Club, PA, 349n6

Four-Power Pacific Pact, 295

Four-Power Treaty, 75–77

Franca, Jose de Francisco de Horta Machado de, 80

France-Japan House, Tokyo, 570, 591n5

Franco, Afranio De Mello, 62n7

Frasconi, Antonio, 599n24

Frazar, E. W., 240, 241, 484n5

freedom of the press, 174–180

Freer Gallery of Art, 359, 382n3

French Consulate in Tokyo, 570

French-Japanese friendship, 570

Friendship Dolls, 137

Fuji, Chief Judge, 501

Fujita, Heitaro, 342n4

Fujita, Hisanori, 475

Fujiyama, Raita, 314, 342n4

Fujiye, N., 214n2

Fukui, Genjiro, 216n5

Fukui, Kikusaburo, 162n5, 163n6, 342n4

Fukui, Mrs. Kikusaburo, 342n4

Fukushima, Mrs. Kisaji, 341n4, 346n5

funeral service for Junnosuke Inouye, 498

 

Gallagher, Mrs. J. O., 352n6

Gallinger, Jacob Harold, 29, 30, 372

Games of the XII Olympiad, 408

garden, owned by Baron Iwasaki, 327

Garden Club of America (GCA)

additional history about, 353n7

commemorative books, 333, 336

delegates and their companions list, 348–353n6

Farewell Dinner, Kyoto, 326

General Committee members photo, 330–32

gift to Japan, 378

group photo individuals list, 339–343n4

leadership positions in the General Committee for Reception, 343n5

musical pieces, America-Japan Dinner, 337n2

Nijo Palace visit, 325

Photographic Diary, 317–332, 336, 337n1, 354–56n8

reception for visitors, 318

schedule of activities for delegates, 322–23

visit to Japan, 314–356

Yagi’s garden visit, 324

Garden Club of Oranges, East Orange, NJ, 351n6

Garden of Peace, Japan-British Exhibition, 36

gardens, Japanese

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

University of British Columbia, 574–78

Garrels, Mrs. Arthur, 342n4, 346n5

Garrett, John W., 80

Geddes, Aukland, 89

Gehrig, Lou, 405

gender equality, 126

General Gordon, USS, 540–41

GEO (Global Educational Outreach), 173

George, Lloyd, 449

George V (King of England), 22, 238, 250, 448

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 434

Gigaku Mask, 152

Glessner, Mrs. J. G. M., 353n6

global economic depression, 230, 280, 294, 404, 441, 576

Godley, Mr. and Mrs. George McM., 352n6

Golden Gate International Exposition (1939), 412, 419

goodwill educational tour, 579

Gordon, Anna, 87

Grant, Ulysses S., 104–14

Grant Pine, 112

Grant’s Tour Around the World (Packard), 109–10

Grayson, Cary T., 528

Great Depression, 166, 250, 286, 300, 304n4

Great Falls Tribune(newspaper), 546n2

Great Kanto Earthquake, 119, 142, 437n1, 456–59, 483n3

Great White Fleet 25, 216n4

Greenwich Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Grew, Joseph Clark

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 423

art exhibition assistance, 144

commemorative book, Garden Club, 333

Exhibition Advisory Committee, 162n5

feelings and compassion for Japan, 432–33

Garden Club gift reception, 378

Garden Club members photo, 330–32, 342n4

Garden Club patron, 343n5

Garden Club reception, 318

Helen Keller banquet, 130

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

International Red Cross Congress delegate, 519

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

New York World’s Fair, 414, 416

Panay Incident, 428–432

personal history in Japan, 424–28

photo with Edith Roosevelt, 427

photo with wife, Alice, 425

relationship with Tokugawa, 421–433

Royal Couple reception, 250

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

toast, America-Japan Society dinner, 320

Grew, Mrs. Joseph Clark, 318, 333, 334, 342n4, 343n5, 425, 427

Griffith, Josephine, 351n6

Griffith, Mr. and Mrs. G. M., 351n6

Guardian, The (newspaper), 452

Gulick, Sidney, 139, 160n1

 

Hafford, Lida, 87

Hagiwara, Mrs. Junko, 346n5

Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia), 528

Hairenik Weekly (magazine), 218n9

Hale, Eugene, 29, 372

Hamaguchi, Osachi, 506n3

Hamarikyu Palace, 112

hanami (cherry-tree viewing parties), 362, 380n1

hanging scrolls, 16, 18n1, 155, 210

Hanihara, Masanao, 95

Hanyok, Robert J., 537–39

Hara, Hani, 72, 510

Hara, Rinnosuke, 214n2

Hara, Ryuta, 213n2

Hara, T., 63n10

Haraguchi, Mrs. Takeo, 341n4, 347n5

Harding, Warren G., 68, 73, 81, 87, 88, 93

Harper (civilian volunteer), 458

Harris, H.T.B., 30

Harris, Paul P., 229, 237, 238, 240, 247

Harris, Townsend, 104, 135n1, 176, 184, 225, 414

Harris Treaty, 135n1, 184

Hartford Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Harvard University, 146–159, 267

Hasegawa, Manjiro, 589n1

Hashimoto, Kansetsu, 163n6

Hashimoto, Kwansetsu, 154

Hatch, Mrs. Roger Conant, 349n6

Hawaiian Star (newspaper), 215n2

Hawkinson, Lily Oyzelle, 99n1

Hayakawa, S., 64n10

Hayashi, Kiroku, 72, 130

headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, 528

Hearn, Lafcadio, 132

Hearst, William Randolph, 298–300, 311n9

Heifetz, Jascha, 132, 142–43

Heiman, Suzette, 182n4

Heine, Wilhelm, 4

Hencken, Mr. and Mrs. William F., 350n6

Herald-Palladium (newspaper), 124

Herring, H.J., 95

Hibaya Park, 88

Hibiya, Heizayemon, 213n2

Hibiya Public Hall, Tokyo, 131

Hickey, Joe, 458

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 380n1

Hill, James Jerome, 190

Hindenburg, Paul von, 252

Hiraga, Jun, 115

Hirao, Mrs. Taro, 341n4, 347n5

Hirobumi, Ito, 21

Hirohito (Emperor of Japan)

death threats towards, 503

Dern visit to, 311n8

Enthronement, 463, 486–492

George V (King of England) and, 448-449

Grew and, 424

Keller meeting, 130

lineage of, 38

Lloyd George and, 449

MacArthur and, 474–75

mentorship of, 9, 439–453

Nagako and, 453

photo (1902), 443

photo in ceremonial robes, 487

Taisho and, 444

Tokugawa and, 289, 568

visits the Vatican, and is later thanked by a representative of the Pope Benedict XV, 446

visits with Prince of Italy Umberto II and with the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III, 446

visits Egypt, Sphinx, Pyramid of Giza, 447-448

1921-1922 travels: The Crown Prince’s European Tour by Count Yoshinori Futara & Setsuzo Sawada, 448

Hirohito, Japan’s Compassionate Emperor (Isamu), 506n3

Hirooka, Yaye, 340n4, 346n5

Hiroshima Peace Memorial, 588, 600–605n25

Hirota, Koki, 310–11n8, 414

Hisamatsu, Sen-ichi, 589n1

History of the Pan-Pacific Union, A (Hawkinson), 99n1

Hitchcock, Frank Harris, 30, 372

Hitler, Adolf, 252, 434, 509, 521

Hitotsubashi University, 188

Holbrook, Mr. and Mrs. Gerlad, 354n8

Holland Olympic Summer Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Holland Tunnel, 31, 370

Holocaust, 537–39, 549n7

Honolulu Garden Club, HI, 350n6

Honolulu Star-Bulletin (newspaper), 121, 245, 303n2, 312n11, 484n5

Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Southern California, 165

Honorary Presidents of the Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

Hooker, Adelaide F., 350n6

Hooker, Helen H., 350n6

Hooker, Mrs. Elon H., 350n6

Hoopes, Mrs. MacMillan, 353n6

Hoover, Herbert, 242, 250, 259, 274, 275, 276, 424

Hoover, Lou Henry, 259

Horikoshi, Zenjuro, 214n2

Horinouchi, Kensuke, 342n4, 344n5

Horinouchi, Mrs. Kensuke, 342n4, 345n5

Hornbeck, Stanley K., 286

Horses in a Field (Buson), 159

Hosaka, Junji, 163n6

Hosokawa, Moritatsu, 162n5, 163n6

Houghton, Mrs. Clement, 348n6

House of Peers, 91, 121, 508, 529, 572

Houston, Herbert S., 414

Houston Garden Club, TX, 350n6

Howard, Egme, 274

Howe, Mrs. George, 352n6

Hughes, Charles Evans

biographical note, 100n2

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Pan-Pacific Union and, 306n6

Washington Naval Conference and, 68–69, 80, 89, 95

Hull, Cordell and Mrs., 288

Hume, Mr. and Mrs. George E., 351n6

Huntington Wilson, Francis Mairs, 30, 372

 

Ichikawa, Beian, 157

Ichioka, Yuji, 127

Iida, J., 42

Ikeda, Seihin, 163n6

Ikematsu, Tokikazu, 347n5

Illustrated Catalogue of a Special Loan Exhibition of Art Treasures from Japan, 146–159, 161n4

ILO (International Labor Organization), 310n8

Imai, Gosuke, 343n4

Imamura, Mrs. Sakio, 347n5

Imamura, Sakio, 344n5

Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

America-Japan Society Dinner, 319

American All-Stars gathering, 406

Jascha Heifetz’ tour, 143

Lincoln Essay Contest, 115

luncheon honoring Mashbir, 468

postcard photo, 483n3

temporary American embassy, 456, 483n3

Imperial Household, 159, 163n6

Imperial Japanese Army, 500

Imperial Japanese Navy, 500

Imperial Regalia of Japan, 486

Inahata, Mrs. Jiro, 347n5

Independence Hall, 262

Independent (journal), 384n11

Inoue, Nissio, 501

Inoue, Saburo, 163n6

Inoue, Tatsukuro, 163n6

Inouye, Junnosuke, 490, 497, 501, 505n2

Inouye, K., 99n1

Inouye, Katsunosuke, 58n3, 382n4

Inouye, Mrs. Shin, 346n5

Inouye, Tadashiro, 468

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

Institute of World Affairs, 166

international arms limitation. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

International Conference on Social Work (1936), 301

international cooperation, 272–77

International Famine Relief, 89

international friendship, 141, 165, 581

international gala events, 412–19

International Labor Organization (ILO), 310n8

International Near East Relief Association, 217n8

International Olympic Committee, 408, 420n3, 569

International Red Cross Conference, 507, 519–521, 523

International Red Cross Refugee Committee, 547n4

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

International Student Exchange Programs, 571

international trade, 280, 294, 304n5, 309n8, 576

Interpretation of the Life of Viscount Shibusawa, An (Obata), 213n1, 218n12

Introduction and Eulogy for Viscount Shibusawa from Tokugawa, 211

Inukai, Tsuyoshi, 63n10, 500

invitations, 463–66

Isamu, Kanaji, 506n3

Ise, Den-ichi, 163n6

Ishibashi, Tamenosuke, 214n2

Ishihara, Zensaburo, 342n4, 344n5

Ishiwara, George, 574, 577

isolationist movement, 435

Issei (first Japanese immigrants), 127–28

Ito, Jirozaemon, 342n4

Ito, Morimatsu, 213n2

Iwahara, Kenzo, 194, 213n2

Iwahara, Taku, 409

Iwahashi, Takeo, 129

Iwamoto, Yoinosuke, 214n2

Iwasaki, Koyata, 163n6, 327

I Was an American Spy (Mashbir), 455, 483n2, 533–34

Iwashita, K. T., 59n6

Iwaya, S., 214n2

Iyenaga, Toyokichi, 219n13, 227

 

Jacquinot A Forgotten Hero (film), 548n5

Jacquinot de Besange, Robert, 547n4

Jacquinot Safe Zone Wartime Refugees in Shanghai (Ristaino), 521–22

James River Garden Club, VA, 350n6

Janklowicz-Mann, Dana, 524

Japan-America Society, 580, 595n15

Japan-British Exhibition, 386n14, 391n17

Japan Committee of the International Conference on Social Work, 301, 313n12

Japanese (Inter-Allied) WWI Victory Medal, 43

Japanese Advertiser (newspaper), 490, 504n1

Japanese Amateur Athletic Federation, 410

Japanese American National Museum, 582, 599n22

Japanese-Americans, 384n11

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese and the Jews, The (Kane), 511–15, 550–54n8

Japanese Art, 144–159

Japanese baseball card, 406

Japanese-British Exhibition, 35–37, 59n5, 373, 388n16

Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 188

Japanese Children’s Home (aka Shonien), 133

Japanese-Chinese conflict, 517, 521, 533–34

Japanese delegations, 386n14, 388n16

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

illustration of (1872), 107

Japanese-British Exhibition (1910), 59n5

list of, 195–96

London Naval Conference, 275

Japanese Diet Declaration (1938), 508, 536–38

Japanese Embassy, in the U.S. 5–6, 18n2, 365

Japanese Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese gardens

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

Japanese Government Railways, 408

Japanese Olympic Committee, 408

Japanese Olympics Committee, 569

Japanese Parliament, 68

Japanese Red Cross Hospital, 57

Japanese Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Japanese Red Cross Society

assistance to Ethiopia, 527–28

assistance to Russia, 283

brochures, 518, 554–560n9

continuation of, 567

efforts to assist Allies during WWI, 53–54

headquarters, 528

International Red Cross Society, 507

Shibusawa and, 188

Tokugawa and, 92, 507, 516–521

Japanese-Russian relations, 295

Japanese Women’s Betterment Association, 86

Japanese Women’s Peace Movement, 86–87

Japanese WWI Victory Medal, 42

Japan Foundation, 564, 590n2

Japan Institute, 128

Japan Society, 32, 295, 370, 596n16

Japan Society newsletter, 527–28

Japan Society of New York, 278

Japan Society publication, Tokugawa’s speech to Lindberghs, 398–401

Japan Society’s Annual Dinner (1934), 32–33, 290–93

Jeanes, Mrs. Henry S., 350n6

Jenkins, Ralph, 546n1

“Jewish Question,” 509

Jewish refugees, 507–8, 525, 536, 540–41, 544–45, 547n4

Jews, 299, 507–15, 521, 525, 536, 538, 547n4

Jingye Asylum, 542

Jito (Empress of Japan), 380n1

Joan Kroc Institute of Peace and Justice, 579–580, 593n13, 594n13

John Paul Jones Memorial, 393n21

Johnson, Lady Bird, 392n21

Johnson, Mrs. Homer H., 352n6

Johnston, Mary E., 353n6

Joint Committee of Disaster Relief of Shanghai Charity Groups, 542

joint stocks, 188

journalism education, 181n3

Joya, Mock, 380n1

J-School. See Missouri School of Journalism

judo, 409, 420n3

Jusserand, Jules, 89

 

Kabayama, A., 341n4

Kabayama, Aisuke, 275, 341n4

Kabayama, Ayske, 162n5, 589n1

Kadono, Mrs. Chokiuro, 342n4, 345n5

Kadono, Tominosuke, 214n2

Kagami, Takeo, 344n5

Kagawa, Toyoshiko, 173

Kageyania, K., 53

Kahn, Otto, 142, 161n3

Kai-shek, Chiang, 209

Kaishu, Katsu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

Emperor Meiji and, 38

escort of Iemochi delegation, 6–7, 18n2

Hirohito and, 443

military influence on Tokugawa, 34

National Diet Library, 20n3

photo (c1890), 9

photo with Tokugawa (c1897), 13

portrait (c1860), 6

Red Cross delegation, 53

Tokugawa and, 9

Kakinuma, T., 64n10

Kamenosuke. See Tokugawa, Iyesato

Kanawha Garden Club, Charleston, WV, 350n6

Kanda, Naibu, 194, 213n2

Kane, Joseph Nathan, 511–15, 550–54n8

Kaneko, Kentaro, 87, 162n5, 215n4, 289, 595n14

Kanemitsu, Tsuneo, 163n6

Kan-in (prince), 440

Kanno, Kinnosuke, 213n2

Kano, Jigorō, 409, 420n3

Kanrin Maru warship, 6–7, 18n2

Kasumigaseki Detached Palace, Tokyo, 318

Kato, Kyohei, 343n4

Kato, Takaaki, 63n10

Kato, Tomosaburo, 69–72, 87, 95, 509, 510

Katsuda, Tetsu, 347n5

Katsura, Taro, 134, 566

Katsuta, Tetsu, 342n4

Katz Awa. See Kaishu, Katsu

Katz Awa “The Bismarck of Japan” or the Story of a Noble Life (Clark), 13–14

Kawada, Taka, 185

Kawai, Yahachi, 484n5

Kawasaki, Y., 63n10

Kawashima, Yoshiyuki, 311n8

Kazama, Mrs. Shichiei, 328, 347n5

KBS (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai). See Society for International Cultural Relations

Kean, John, 29, 372

Keaton, Buster, 266

Keiki. See Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

Keith, Mrs. Joseph L., 353n6

Keller, Helen, 129–133, 136n5, 428

Kellogg, Frank, 274

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 273–74, 278, 303n1

Kempei Tai, A History of the Japanese Secret Service (Deacon), 495

kendo, 420n3

Kenilworth Garden Club, IL, 350n6

Keresit, Jacques, 248n2

Kikkawa, Motomitsu, 163n6

Kikuchi, Miya Sannomiya, 126–28, 135n4

Kikusawa, Suyemaro, 344n5

Kimura, A., 175, 236

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 120

King, W. L. MacKenzie, 306n6

Kingsley, Darwin P., 489–492

Kinoshita, Michio, 344n5

Kiyoo, Kawamura, 12

Kiyooka, Eiichi, 342n4

Kiyooka, Mrs. Eiichi, 347n5

Kiyose (representative of the Asahi newspaper), 388n16

Kiyotada, Tsutsui, 506n3, 593n12

Kiyotaka, Count Kuroda, 21

Kiyozumi Park, Tokyo, 334, 378

KleinSmid, Rufus Bernhard von, 166, 571

Knox, Philander Chase

1910 dinner event, 30

cherry blossom tree gift, 366

event honoring Emperor Meiji, 38

Pershing and, 38–39

portrait (c1910), 30

Sherman luncheon, 29

Shibusawa mission, 198

Tokugawa and, 372, 387n16

Kobayashi, Ichizo, 158, 163n6

Kobayashi, Mrs. Nobuko, 328, 347n5

Kodama, Kazuo, 482

Koiki, Kunizo, 214n2

Koizumi, Shinzo, 589n1

Kokusai Bunka (journal), 564

Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (Society for International Cultural Relations), 128, 144, 327, 564

Komai, Taku, 328, 347n5

Komatsu, Mrs. Takashi, 341n4, 346n5

Komatsu, Takashi, 144, 162n5, 344n5, 345n5

Komei (Emperor of Japan), 6

Komoriya, Chicuko, 115

Komura, Jutaro, 64n11

Komuro, Mrs. Mieko, 346n5

Kondo, Baron, 64n10

Konoe, Fumimaro. See Konoye, Fumimaro

Konoye (princess), 343n5

Konoye, Atsumaro, 92

Konoye, Fumimaro

Diet opening in Tokyo (1934), 531–32

essay contest judge, 589n1

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Garden Club patron, 343n5

House of Peers president, 529–533

international relations promotion with son, 535

“Prince at Princeton” article, 548n6

targeted by extremists, 493

Konoye, Fumitaka, 535

Konoye, Hiro, 239

Konoye, Hiroko, 592n6

Korostovetz, Ivan Yakovlevich, 64n11

Kosaka, Kris, 102n7

Kristallnacht, 536

Kroda, Kiyoshi, 589n1

Kumagaye, Taizo, 214n2

Kun, Tsao, 306n6

Kuninomiya family, 477

Kurihama landing, 4

Kuriyama, Mrs. Shigeru, 342n4, 346n5

Kuroda, Kiyoshi, 63n10, 162n5, 343n4, 345n5

Kurusu, Jaye, 341n4, 347n5

Kurusu, Mrs. Saburo, 342n4, 346n5

Kusanagi (sword), 486

Kushida, Manzo, 64n10, 343n4, 490, 505n2

Kuwaki, Ayao, 589n1

Kyoto Imperial University, 159, 163n6

 

LaBoiteaux, Mrs. Isaac, 350n6

Ladies Committee, Garden Club, 345n5

Ladies’ Committee in Kyoto, 328, 347n5

La Guardia, Fiorello, 416

Lansdale, Mrs. Philip, 353n6

Lansing, Robert, 203

Lapham, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., 349n6

Lasker, Bruno, 304n4

Last Refuge: The Story of Jewish Refugees in Shanghai (film), 547n5

Lawrence of Arabia, 448

League of Blood, 496, 499–500, 505, 505n2

League of Nations, 73, 281, 424

League of Nations Association of Japan, 211, 239, 294

League of Red Cross Societies, 54, 517

Leavenworth Weekly Times (newspaper), 384n6

Lee, Arthur (Lord of Fareham), 89

Lee, Chin-Chuan, 181n3

lenders of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Lenox Garden Club, New York, NY, 350n6

letter from President Harding, Washington Naval Conference, 82

Lewiston Daily Sun Journal (newspaper), 263

Liberty Bell, 262

Life and Adventure in Japan (Clark), 20n4

Lighthouse organization, 129

Ligne, Albert de, 274

Lincoln, Abraham, 104–8, 120, 587

Lincoln Centennial Association, 117

Lincoln Essay Contests, 115–120, 587

Lincoln Financial Foundation, Sumiko Tokuda Collection, 119

Lincoln Memorial, 587

Lindbergh, Anne, 395–403

Lindbergh, Charles A., 394–403

lion sculptures, 177–180

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 29, 89, 372

Loehr, Gustave E., 229

London Economic Conference, 304n5

London House of Parliament (color lithograph), 565, 590n3

London Naval Conference, 251, 275, 423, 466

London Naval Treaty, 230

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 267

Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 27, 358, 381n3

Los Angeles Examiner (newspaper), 430

Los Angeles Herald (newspaper), 215n2

Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 103n9, 299

Lothrop, Mrs. W. S. H., 351n6

Lowe, Mrs. Herbert, 349n6

Lowell, Lawrence, 267

Lunete (river park), 363

 

MacArthur, Douglas, 288, 471–75

Machida, Tokunosuke, 214n2

Mack, Connie, 406

Mackay, Clarence H., 217n7

MacKenzie, N A. M. (Norman), 574, 577–78

Mackey, Harry A., 262

MacMaster, William, 194

MacVeagh, Charles, 99n1, 115, 138, 184

MacWhite, Michael, 274

Madison Square Garden, 32

Maeda, Toshitame, 163n6

Maeyama, Hisakichi, 163n6

Maki, Mrs. Kaoru, 341n4, 347n5

Makino, Nobuaki, 496

Makita, Tamaki, 163n6

Manjiro, John, 18n2

Mann, Amir, 524

Mano, B., 236

Maple Club, Tokyo, 402

Marchienne, Emile de Cartier de, 80

Mardis, J.C., 94

Martin, Mrs. J. Willis, 353n7

Martin, T. M., 458

Martino, Goacomo De, 274

Marvin, Dwight Edwards, 244, 248n2

Masaoki, Shinmi, 18n2

Mashbir, Donald, 483n2, 485n6

Mashbir, Sidney Forrester, 454–482

Allied surrender documents signing, 473

Exchange Club photo, 481

group photo (1937), 484n5

I Was an American Spy autobiography, 483n2, 484n4, 533–34

Jewish heritage, 545

keepsakes, 459–466

luncheon honoring (1937), 468

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 309n7

personal papers discovery, 439

photo (1923), 454

Rotary member, 246

Royal Couple greeting, 250

secret private meetings, MacArthur and Hirohito, 475

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456

Massey, W. F., 306n6

mass media, American, 298–300

Masuda, Meiroku, 114

Masuda, Takashi, 163n6

Matsubara, Yuriko, 341n4, 347n5

Matsuda, Genji, 318

Matsudaira, Mrs. Tsuneo, 179

Matsudaira, Raijyu, 529

Matsudaira, Tsunao, 72, 160n2

Matsudaira, Tsuneo, 141, 176, 179

Matsugata, Masayoshi, 58n3, 194, 382n4

Matsukata, Kojiro, 213n2

Matsukata, Mrs. Shokuma, 346n5

Matsukata, Shosaku, 164n6

Matsumiya, Mrs. Kazuya, 342n4, 347n5

Matsumura, Toshio, 214n2

Matsunaga, Yasuzaemon, 155, 164n6

Matsuura, Chinjiro, 138

Matsuyama, C., 63n10

Maus, Marion Perry, 194

Mayer, Louis B., 265

Mayer, Mrs. Louis B., 265

Mayer, Warren, 182n4

Mayezawa, N., 484n5

Mayflower, USS, 24

Mayflower Hotel, Washington DC, 288, 463, 464

Mazaki, Jinzaburo, 311n8

McArthur, Clifton, 194

McArthur, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

McCollum, A.H., 458

McCormac, Mrs. H.B., 353n6

McDowell, Mrs. William F., 87

McIntosh, Burr, 382n3

McIntyre, Marvin H., 286

McMillan, Mrs. J. William, 349n6

McNaughton, Mrs. Lynn, 354n8

McReynolds, Sam D., 286

media relations, 63n8, 298–300

medical care, 134, 566

Meiji (Emperor of Japan)

death of, 38, 374

Grant meeting, 112–13

Kaishu and, 9

mask gift, 152

medical care and, 134, 566

Meiji Restoration, 1–8, 187

photo (c1894), 9

Shibusawa and, 188

Washington and, 87

Meiji Constitution, 21

Meiji Restoration (1868), 1–8, 187

Meiji Shrine, 427

Memorial Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 83

Memphis Garden Club, TX, 350n6

merchant class, 3

Metcalf, Mrs. Frederick, 352n6

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. See MGM Studios

Mexican American War, 56

MGM Studios, 265–66, 298–300, 311n9

Michigan Garden Club, MI, 350n6

Michizane, Sugawara, 156

Middleton Garden Club, CT, 351n6

Midzuno, Kokichi, 32, 58n1, 213n2, 360, 370

Mihara, Mrs. Shigekichi, 346n5

Mihara, Shigekichi, 164n6, 342n4, 344n5, 589n1

militants

arms limitation and, 74

China expansion, 434

Kaishu and, 15

Nazi alliance, 521

Olympic bid and, 410–12

Panay Incident, 428

Tokugawa against, 517

Tokugawa and, 283

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24

Tripartite Pact, 435

violence, 486–501

Washington Naval Conference and, 100n3

Millbrook Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Million Dollar Train, 190

Milton Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Minami, Takajiro, 213n2

Minnesota (ship), 189

Miroku Bosatsu sculpture, 154

Mishima, Mrs. Hajime, 341n4, 346n5

Missouri, USS, 473

Missouri model of journalism education, 181n3

Missouri School of Journalism, 174–180

Mitchell, Edward A., 546n1

Mito Tokugawa family, 597n19

Mitsubishi Bank, 505n2

Mitsui, Mrs. Benzo, 341n4, 346n5

Mitsui, Mrs. Takaatsu, 342n4, 347n5

Mitsui Financial Group, 499, 505

Miura, Hajime, 341n4

Miwa, Mrs. Zembei, 341n4

Miwa, Zembei, 341n4

Miya, Mataichi, 342n4, 345n5

Miyaga, Michio, 131

Miyajima, Mikinosuke, 589n1

Miyaoka, Mrs. Tsunejiro, 341n4, 346n5

Mizoguchi, Munchiko, 162n5

Mizoguchi, Teijiro, 164n6

Mizuno, Kokichi, 32, 370

Mizuno, Mrs. Kyosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Mizuno, Toshikata, 259

Monadnock Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

Money, Hernando, 29, 372

Montague, Mrs. Gilbert, 351n6

Morgan, Mrs. James F., 350n6

Morgan, Mrs. Randal, 353n6

Morgenthau, Henry, 204

Mori, Kanosuke, 577–78

Morimura, Baroness Ichizaemon, 346n5

Morimura, Ichizaemon, 344n5

Morinja, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

Morris, Roland S., 293

Moss, Robert F., 458, 484n5

Motley, Mrs. George, 352n6

Motono, Ichiro, 63n10

Mt. Desert Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Mt Sterling Advocate (newspaper), 384n10

Mt. Vernon, VA, 267, 371, 387n16

Mukojima Park, 362, 383n5

Muller, Mrs. J., 347n5

Murakoshi, Kuniyasu, 321

Murayama, Nagataka, 164n6

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 144, 582, 598n21

music, Tokugawa’s passion for, 142

musical pieces performed, America-Japan Dinner event (1935), 337n2

Mussolini, Benito, 434, 528

Muto, Kinta, 164n6

 

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 220

Nagai, Asako, 341n4, 347n5

Nagai, Matsuzo, 589n1

Nagai, Mrs. Matsuzo, 342n4, 346n5

Nagai, Setsuko, 340n4, 347n5

Nagako, Empress, 130, 440–41, 453, 476–78, 520

Nagako Empress of Japan (Koyama), 476–78

Nagashima, Yoshiharu, 344n5

Nagata, Hidejiro, 397, 403

Nagel, Charles, 30, 372

Nagoya Castle, 407

Nagoya Museum of Fine Arts, 582, 598n21

Naito, Y., 53

NAJAS (National Association of Japan-America Societies), 595n15

Nakabashi, Tokugoro, 213n2

Nakamura, Teru, 342n4

Nakamura, Teruko, 347n5

Nakanishi, Rokusaburo, 68

Nakano, Buei, 63n10, 194, 213n2

Nassau Weekly (newspaper), 548n6

National Aspirations speech, 231–36

National Association of Japan-America Societies (NAJAS), 595n15

National Cherry Blossom Festival, 374, 379, 392n21

National Conference of State Societies’ Princess Program, 392n21

National Council of Churches, 160n1

National Diet Library, 20n3

National Security Agency (NSA) publication, 536

National Student Committee for the Limitation of Armaments, 93–95

National Tribune (newspaper), 384n7

Navohoff, 64n11

Nazi Germany, 434, 521, 525

Nedzu, Kaichiro, 213n2

Neill, John W., 574, 577–78

Netherlands, Olympic Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Neville, Edwin L., 311n8

Neville, Mrs. Edwin L., 342n4, 346n5

New Canaan Garden Club, CT, 351n6

New Deal Administration, 286

Newport Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

New Republic (magazine), 226

Newsom, M. Eugene, 240

New York Daily Tribune (newspaper), 26, 31, 367–69

New York Times (newspaper)

Columbia University visit, Tokugawa, 167

Dern and U.S.-Japan relations, 311n8

dinner honoring Tokugawa by Saito, 288

Garden Club gift to Japan, 334

Hirota meeting Roosevelt in Hawaii, 310n8

Hughes article, 100n2

international trade, Japan, 309n8

invitation to Roosevelt to visit Japan, 287

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japan Society dinner, 293–94

Japan’s Olympics bid (1940), 410

Keller article, 130, 136n5

Lawrenceville, NJ visit, 530

Lindberghs’ reception, 396

luncheon given by Roosevelt for Tokugawa, 392n20

New York City visit, Tokugawa, 278–79

New York World’s Fair, 414

Nippon Club luncheon, 287–88

Oshima and Olympics, 410

photo, Tokugawa addressing Rotarian Convention, 231

Roosevelt luncheon for Tokugawa, 288

Roosevelt on Japan in WWI, 55

Taft on U.S.-Japan relations, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and extremists, 493

Tokugawa arrival (1910), 442

Tokugawa’s death, 563

Tokugawa’s health, 562

Tokugawa’s radio address, 281–83

Washington Naval Conference, 70, 101n4

Wilson meets Shibusawa article, 203

New York Tribune (newspaper), 59n5, 386n14

New York World’s Fair (1939), 412

Nezu, Kaichiro, 153, 156, 164n6

Niagara, USS, 20n2

Nichibei Shimbun (newspaper), 127

Nicholas, Elizabeth, 352n6

Nicholas II (Emperor of Russia), 24

Nichols, Mrs. Joseph Longworth, 353n6

Niiro, Chunosuke, 164n6

Niiya, Brian, 128, 135n3

Nijo Palace, Kyoto, 325

Ninagawa, Arata, 53, 54–55

Nippon Club, 217n5, 287–88

Nippon Youth Assembly Hall, 137

Nishi, Mrs. Haruhiko, 342n4, 346n5

Nishida, Mrs. Ikutaro, 328, 347n5

Nishida, Rihachi, 347n5

Nishiike, Naruyoshi, 214n2

Nishimura, Ayako, 341n4, 347n5

Nishimura, Jihei, 213n2

Nishimura, Mrs. Kiyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Nishimura, Shotaro, 216n5

Nishiwaki, Kenji, 164n6

Nitobe, Inazo, 280–81, 574–78, 593n10

Nixon, Richard, 545

Noanett Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Nobel Peace Prize, 34, 62n7, 66n11, 209

Nomura, Kichisaburō, 421

Nomura, Mrs. Yozo, 341n4

Nomura, Yozo, 345n5

Norimasa, Muragaki, 18n2

North Shore Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

North to the Orient (A. Lindbergh), 403

NSA (National Security Agency) publication, 536

Numano, Y., 213n2

 

Oakland Tribune (newspaper), 520

Obama, Barack, 587–88, 600–605n25

Obama, Michelle, 393n21

Obata, Kyugoro, 213n1, 218n12

obituary announcement, Tokugawa, 590n4

O’Brien, Thomas J., 58n3, 382n4

Office of Public Buildings and Grounds (OPBG), 362–64

Official Welcoming Ceremony for American Friendship Dolls, 137–141

Ogden Standard (newspaper), 215n2

Ohama, Mrs. Tadakazu, 347n5

Ohashi, S., 64n10

Ohashi, Shintaro, 164n6

Ohtani, Kahei, 213n2

Oiwa, Isao, 342n4

Oiwa, Mrs. Isao, 342n4

Okabe, Nagakage, 341n4, 344n5, 589n1

Okabe, Viscountess Nagakage, 346n5

Okada, Ken-ichi, 318, 344n5

Okada, Ryuichi, 343n4

Okahashi, Jisuke, 164n6

Okamoto, Mrs. Suemasa, 341n4, 346n5

Okazaki , Masaya, 164n6

Okura, Kishichiro, 64n10, 164n6

Oliver, John D., 306n6

Olympics

Amsterdam Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Nagano Games (1998), 569

Organizing Committee, 410

Sapporo Games (1972), 569

Tokyo Games (1940), 173, 408–12, 569

Tokyo Games (1964), 569

Onishi, Ichiro, 344n5

Ono, Hideko, 347n5

Ooi, Bokusin, 213n2

Ooka, I., 63n10

OPBG (Office of Public Buildings and Grounds), 362–64

Opening of Japan, 3

Oregon Statesman Journal (newspaper), 311n9

Orlando Sentinel (newspaper), 420n1

Osawa, Mrs. Tokutaro, 328, 347n5

Osawa, Tokutaro, 344n5, 346n5, 347n5

Oshima, Matahiko, 410

Osumi, Mineo, 421

Otani, K., 63n10

Otchiai, Kentaro, 64n11

Otsuka, Tsunekichi, 347n5

Outlook, The (magazine), 91–92

overpopulation, 438n6

Owen, Sydney, 215n3

Oyama, Iwao, 58n3, 382n4

Ozaki, Shinaye, 341n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yei Theodora, 373, 391n18

Ozaki, Yukika, 340n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yukio, 26, 32, 100n3, 367–370, 373, 385n12

Ozawa, K., 300

 

Pacific Conference, 304n4

Packard, J.F., 108

Pageant of the Ages performance, 326

Palmer, Frederick, 58n2, 381n2

Panama Railway, 19

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference, 168–173

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 287, 304n6

Pan-Pacific University, 245

Paris World Exposition (1867), 187

Park, Maude Wood, 87

Parliament of Great Britain, 565

Parsell, Diana, 383n5

Pasadena Garden Club, Pasadena, CA, 351n6

Paul, Mrs. Theodore S., 351n6

Payne, John Barton, 286, 507, 519, 520, 546n1

Payne, Sereno E., 30, 372

Pearce, G.F., 89

Pearl Harbor, 56, 424, 436

Pendleton, Ellen Fitz, 267

Pennsylvania Avenue, 260, 389

Pepper, Mrs. Franklin, 351n6

Perkins, George Walbridge, 217n7

Perry, James DeWolf, 4, 293

Perry, Matthew C., 3–4, 334, 424

Perry, Matthew C. 3, 100n3

Perry, Oliver Hazard, 334, 424

Pershing, John Joseph, 38–39, 374

Phelps, Eleanor, 94

Philadelphia Garden Club, PA, 351n6

Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), 63n9, 270n3

Phillips, William, 286

Phoenix image, 504n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan, at the Invitation of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, May 13 to June, 1935, 317–332, 337n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan at the Invitation of His Excellency Shigeru Yoshida May 10th to May 23rd 1961, 336, 354n8, 355–56n8

Piedmont Garden Club, Piedmont, CA, 352n6

Pierre hotel, 278, 303n3

Piscataqua Garden Club, MI, 351n6

Pittman, Key, 286

Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, 33, 372

Pittsburgh Press (newspaper), 59n6

Place to Save Your Life, A (film), 548n5

Plancon, Georges, 64n11

Platt, Mrs. Charles III, 351n6

Poincare, Raymond, 22

politics, American, 27, 371

Pond, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel, 353n6

Population Connection, 438n6

population stabilization, 438n6

Portland Garden Club, Portland, OR, 352n6

Port of Last Resort: Zuflucht in Shanghai (film), 548n5

Portrait of Tokugawa Ieyasu (painting), 18n1

Portsmouth Peace Conference, 87

Potomac Park, 363, 374

Potomac Tidal Basin, 374, 393n21

Powhatan, USS, 19

Presidio military base, 268

Prince at Princeton, A (Costin), 548n6

Pritchett, Henry S., 62n7

Prittwitz, Freiderich von, 274

Privy Seal (Gyoji), 502–3, 506n4

Problems of the Pacific, 1933 economic conflict and control proceedings of the fifth conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations (Lasker and Holland), 304n4

Proclamation of the Japanese Constitution, 21

Proctor, Mrs. William Cooper, 349n6

Prologue magazine, 437n2

Public Broadcasting Service, 143

Putnam, Mrs. Henry St. Clair, 353n6

 

Queen of the 1937 Cherry Blossom Festival, 379

Quezon, Manuel, 288

 

racism, 25, 115, 120, 434, 509

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 281–83, 286, 471, 520, 586

Radio City Music Hall, 282

Rama VI (king of Siam), 306n6

Reception Committee in Kyoto, Garden Club, 347n5

Reception Committee Junior, Garden Club, 346n5

Reception Committee Senior, Garden Club, 346n5

Red Crescent Societies, 517

Red Cross, American, 119, 546n1

Red Cross, Japanese. See Japanese Red Cross Society

Red Cross, worldwide, 89

Red Cross Conference, International, 507

Red Cross Hospital, Japanese, 57

Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Remembering Ulysses S. Grant’s visit to Japan (Chida), 109

Reno Gazette-Journal (newspaper), 303n2

Report on the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Honolulu Japan and China in the Spring of 1935 (Davison), 337n3

Reznikoff, John, 505n2

Richards, Mrs. Theodore W., 546n1

Ridgefield Garden Club, Ridgefield, CT, 352n6

Riegel, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Dewitt, 349n6

Righteous Among Nations Award, 541

Righter, Jane, 350n6

Rike, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H., 349n6

Ristaino, Marcia R., 521, 547n3, 547n4

Roanoke, USS, 19

Robinson, Joseph T., 286

Rochester Garden Club, Rochester, NY, 352n6

Rockefeller Center, 128

Rogers, Mrs. Fred F., 341n4, 346n5

Rogers, Will, 238

Roosevelt, Alice, 27, 358, 381n3

Roosevelt, Edith, 427

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 286

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

good-neighbor policy, 311n8

Hirota meeting in Honolulu, 310n8

International Red Cross Conference, 520

Keller and, 130

Konoye and, 530, 535

opening speech, World’s Fair, 415

portrait, 284

relationship with Tokugawa, 284–88, 360

Tokugawa visit (1934), 286–88, 376

University of Southern California and, 166, 571

World Fair invitations, 414

Roosevelt, Henry L., 288

Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, 288, 376

Roosevelt, Theodore

discrimination in California legislation, 384n11

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

photograph (1909) with his daughter Alice, 37

photograph of, 55

postcard linked to Russo-Japanese War, 24

relationship with Tokugawa, 358

Rotary quote, 237

Russo-Japanese War, 215n4

Shibusawa delegation, 198–202

Statement on Japan in WWI, 55–56

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. (Colonel), 217n7, 287, 376, 427

Root, Elihu, 29, 34, 62n7, 89, 258, 372

Rosen, Roman von, 64n11

Ross, Phyllis Gregory, 574, 593n9

ROTARIAN magazine, 239

Rotary Club of Tokyo, 240

Rotary International, 229–247

25th Anniversary Convention, 229, 242

50th Anniversary Celebration (1955), 246

commemorative stamp, 247, 248n3

Conference (1930), 229–241, 244

Rotary Peace Centers, 247, 248n4

Roth, Almon E., 238

Rothschild, John, 94

Round Eyes in the Middle Kingdom (film), 548n5

Rowe, L.S., 306n6

Royal Geographical Society of London, 590n4

Ruhm, Mrs. Herman, 354n8

Russell, Lindsay, 32, 370

Russell, Mrs. James S., 318, 351n6

Russo-Japanese War, 24, 65n11, 87, 198, 215n4

Ruth, George “Babe,” 405–7

Rye Garden Club, Greenwich, Rye, NY, 352n6

 

‘Safe Zones,’ 507, 519, 521–23, 540–45, 547n4, 586

Sagers, John, 215n3

Sago (Emperor of Japan), 380n1

Saionji (prince), 496

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation, 134, 566

Saito, Hiroshi, 162n5, 275, 288, 310n8, 379, 535

Saito, Masako, 379

Saito, Miyoko, 288

Saito, Mrs. Soichi, 340n4, 346n5

Saito, Sakiko, 379

Sakaguchi, Heibei, 214n2

Sakano, Mrs. Tsuneyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Sakatani, Yoshiro, 63n10, 184, 345n5

Sakonji, Seizo, 275

sakura. See cherry blossoms

Salmond, Sir John, 89

samurai, 3

Sand Hills Garden Club, Augusta, GA, 352n6

San Diego Japanese Friendship Garden, 583, 599n23

San Diego Jewish Journal, Holocaust Remembrance Edition, 545

San Diego World Affairs Council (SDWAC), 579–580, 593n13

San Francisco Call (newspaper), 58n1, 214n2

San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), 215n2

Sankyo Company, Ltd., 216n5

Sarraut, Albert, 89

Sastri, Srinivasa, 89, 546n1

Satake, Sakutaro, 213n2

Sato, I., 42

Sato, Naotake, 64n11

Satow, Mr. and Mrs. Toshito, 266

Savamura, S., 53

Sawada, Mrs. Setsuzo, 341n4, 346n5

Schanzer, Carlo, 80, 546n1

Schiele, Sylvester, 229

Schiff, Jacob Henry, 222

School of International Relations, 166

Schroeder, Seaton, 546n1

Scidmore, Eliza Ruhamah, 362–64, 383n5

Scott, Byron, 178

Scott, Mrs. Arthur Hoyt, 335, 349n6

scroll paintings, 16, 18n1, 155–56, 210

SDWAC (San Diego World Affairs Council), 579–580, 593n13

Seattle Chamber of Commerce, 189, 191

Seattle Garden Club, Seattle, WA, 352n6

Seattle Times (newspaper), 120

secret meetings, 474

Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer (Zacharias), 270n2

Seitz, Don Carlos, 223, 224

Seko, Konosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Seko, Mineko, 341n4, 347n5

Seko, Yasuji, 236

Sellers, Mrs. Howard, 350n6

Sellers, Mrs. William F., 353n6

Senate, Tokugawa visit, 27

Sengoku, Masayuki de, 29, 59n6, 372, 386n15

Sewall, Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland, 350n6

Shaker Lakes Garden Club, Cleveland, OH, 352n6

Shanghai Ghetto (film), 524–25, 548n5

Sharp, Mrs. W. B., 350n6

Shaw, Albert, 223

Sherman, James Schoolcraft, 29, 38, 372, 387n16

Sherry’s Hotel, New York, 199–202

Shibusawa, Baroness, 189

Shibusawa, Eiichi

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition trip photo, 189–191

Armenian Weekly article photo, 204–7

banquet honoring (1915), 219n13

biography, 211, 218n12

Chiang Kai-shek and, 209

Col. Roosevelt luncheon, 217n7

as delegate, 27, 213n2, 360

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Friendship Dolls event, 138

Grant greeting, 108

hanging scroll with calligraphy, 210

Harris and, 229

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Honorary Vice-President of Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

letter from, 208

Memorial Foundation and Museum, 218n11, 581, 597n17

monument built for Grant, 114

photo with Taka Kawada, 185

portrait during Europe tour, 187

portrait photo alongside photo of Tokugawa, 183

relationship with Tokugawa, 34, 183–88

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490

sympathy booklet, 63n10

toast at Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wilson meeting, 203

Shibusawa delegation (1909), 213n2

Shibusawa Memorial Foundation and Museum, 209, 218n11, 581, 597n17

Shidehara, Kijuro

anniversary salutations of Washington Naval Conference, 95

biographical note, 101n5

delegates embarking, 71

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Jewish magazine interview, 515

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490, 505n2

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

Washington Naval Conference, 87

Shidura, Baron (possibly Shidehara), 386n15

Shimada, S., 63n10

Shimanouchi, Henry Toshiro, 128

Shimmura, Izuru, 589n1

Shimoda, S., 63n10

Shimomura, Mrs. Sen, 157, 164n6

Shimpei, Goto, 490, 505n2

Shinjuku Imperial Gardens, 130

Shinto shrine, 2

Shiobara, Matasaku, 216n5

Shiohara, Mrs. Matasaku, 341n4

Shirasu, Mrs. Jiro, 340n4, 346n5

Shitara, H., 59n6

shogun rule, 3–4

Shōhō Kaishō stock company, 188

Shonien (Japanese Children’s Home), 133

Shōnii, Second Honour (ritsuryō rank), 188

Shorey, Hiram E., 229

Showa (Enlightened Peace), 453, 486

Shrewsbury Castle, 251

Shubert-Garrick Theater, 89, 546n1

Shuster, William Morgan, 219n13, 221

Simon, Joseph, 194

Simon, Sir John, 62n7, 565

Sino-Japanese War, 23, 65n11

Smith, Mrs. Benjamin Hodges, 350n6

Snyder, Frederic, 173

Society for International Cultural Relations (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai), 128, 144, 314, 327, 564, 589n1

Soeda, J., 63n10

Sohda, Kinsaku, 213n2

Soldiers of Justice and Right postcard, 44

Southgate, Richard, 259

Southside Garden Club of Long Island, New York, NY, 352n6

Soviet-Chinese Nonaggression Treaty, 434

Soyejima, Michimasa, 409

Spalding, Dora N., 351n6

Spanish-American War, 23, 74, 430

Special Bulletin, America-Japan Society, 118

Spirit of St. Louis, The (monoplane), 394

Spoerri, J. Fuller, 95

Stalin, Joseph, 435

Stars and Stripes magazine, 109

State Seal of Japan (Kokuji), 502–3, 506n4

Stead, William Thomas, 223

Stimson, Henry L., 274

St. Louis Garden Club, St. Louis, MO, 352n6

Stoessinger, John George, 544–45

Stokowski, Leopold, 142

Stone, Jr., Charles B., 268

stone lantern sculpture, 174–180

Stout, Mrs. C. Frederick C., 353n6

Straight, Willard Dickerman, 219n13, 226

Sturges, Mrs. Clarence B., 348n6

Sugi, Eizaburo, 162n5

Sugihara, Chiune, 541, 544–45

Sugita, Tei-Ichi, 58n3, 381n2

Suiheisha Society, 121–25

Sullivan, Ann, 133

Sumitomo, Kichizaemon, 164n6

Sumiyoshi, Kawamura, 442

Summit Garden Club, Summit, NJ, 352n6

Sunday Star (newspaper), 392n19

Suzuki, Mrs. K., 346n5

Suzuki, Shuji, 343n4

Suzuki, Umetaro, 216n5

Suzuki violin learning system, 591n5

Swartley, Mr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Sze, Alfred Saoke, 79, 80

 

table medals, 42

Tacoma Garden Club, Tacoma, WA, 352n6

Tadamasa, Oguri, 18n2

Tadao, Yamakawa, 275

Taft, Helen “Nellie” Herron, 361–64, 374, 392n21

Taft, Henry W., 281, 293

Taft, Mrs. Henry W., 281

Taft, William Howard

Asia voyage photo, 359

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Inauguration photo, 28

photo with Helen Taft, 361

Prince Tokugawa and, 371, 387n16

Red Cross meeting, 546n1

Shibusawa delegation, 190, 198

speaking at diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and, 27

travels as Secretary of War, 358–360, 382n4

Taisho (Emperor of Japan), 22, 24, 38, 289, 444, 486

Tait, David, 458

Tajima, Mrs. Shigeji, 341n4, 346n5

Takagi, Fujiko, 341n4, 347n5

Takahira, Kogoro, 64n11

Takaishi, S., 214n2

Takaku, Jinnosuke, 345n5

Takamatsu, Kikuko

Akihito and, 269

Berlin luncheon, 252

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

Liberty Bell photo, 262

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamatsu, Nobuhito

Berlin luncheon, 252

Butler tour, 167

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

essay contest judge, 589n1

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

International Goodwill Tour, 249–269

lender of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Liberty Bell photo, 262

Mashbir 1930 reception, 465

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamine, Jokichi

anti-discrimination statement, 384n11

biographical note, 216n5

cherry blossom tree gift, 364

East & West Meeting photo, 200

Japan Society luncheon, 32, 370

photo (c1912), 365

Shibusawa dinner (1915), 219n13

Takao, Toru, 72

Takarabe, Takeshi, 275

Takatsuji, Narazo, 214n2

Takeda, Enji, 163n5

Takeda, Yenji, 343n4, 345n5

Taki, Kumejiro, 214n2

Taki, Takichi, 343n4

Tale of the Genji (Shikibu), 598n19

Tamamushi Shrine, 153

Tamura, R. Tsuyoshi, 345n5

Tamura, Shinkichi, 214n2

Tamura, Tetsusuke, 341n4

Tamura, Tsuyoshi, 341n4

Tanabe, Muneo, 574, 577

Tanaka C. Photo Studio, 131

Tanaka, Giichi, 490, 505n2

Tanaka, Hozumi, 589n1

Tanaka, Kotaro, 589n1

Tanaka, T., 213n2

Tanakadate, Aikitu, 169

Tan’yū, Kano, 18n1

Tauruta, Eiko, 115

Taylor, Montgomery, 421

Teat, Admiral, 546n1

Temperance movement, 102n7

Temperance Society, 92

Temple of Kunozan, 2

Ten Years in Japan (Grew), 130, 426

Terada, Jinkichi, 164n6

Terada, S., 64n10

Terauchi, Hisaichi, 63n10

Terry, Mrs. James, 350n6

Tetsudo Hotel, Tokyo, 409

The Gardeners, Pennsylvania, 350n6

This Rotarian Age (Harris), 237

Thomas, Mrs. James R., 350n6

Thomson, Polly, 129

Three Sacred Treasures of Japan, 486

ticker tape parade for Lindbergh, 394

Time Magazine, 277

Time Magazine 144, 143, 238

Times, The (London), 386n13, 390n17

Tingkan, Tsai, 89

Tison, Alexander, 278

Toda, Yashichi, 164n6

Togasaki, Kiyoshi, 345n5

Togo, Baroness Yasushi, 341n4, 346n5

Togo, Mrs. Shigenori, 341n4, 346n5

Tokuda, Sumiko, 117–19

Tokugawa, Hope, 288

Tokugawa, Iemochi, 5–7, 104–5

Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 1, 2, 18n1, 597n19

Tokugawa, Iyemasa

Armenian Genocide and, 206–7

biographical note, 592n7

commemorative bronze plaque, 583

Dedication for Japanese Garden, 574–78

dinner honored by Ambassador Saito, 288

diplomatic positions, 70

Fiftieth anniversary photograph, 572

fire-bomb of Prince Tokugawa’s home, 494

Hearst meeting, 298–300

honorary degree from University of British Columbia, 592n8

inspection tour to Europe and America, 280

International Conference on Social Work, Japan Committee, 301

Japanese Red Cross delegation, 53

Lawrenceville, New Jersey visit, 530

observing father receiving honorary degree, 165

official dress photo (1929), 573

photograph with Shibusawa, 184

radio broadcaster, 283

Royal Couple greeting, 264–65

send off luncheon for Prince Tokugawa, 576

Tsunenari Tokugawa and, 598n20

Tokugawa, Iyesato

affinity for the West, 11–12

American Pictorial delegation announcement, 67

American Red Cross meeting, 546n1

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 422

arrival announcement, visit 1910, 26

art/cultural exhibits, 582

art exhibition brought West, 144–159

autographed card, 97–98

baseball and, 405–7

canned interviews, 386n15

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 258

cautious approach to media, 34, 63n8

cherry blossom tree gift, 366–370

Chicago and Pittsburgh visit, 33–34

Chicago World’s Fair, 404

Clark and, 20n4

condolence booklet to Allies, 45–52

constitution anniversary postcard, 21

delegates embarking, 71

delivering dedication to Grant at Ueno Park, 114

Diet Declaration (1938), 536–38

diplomatic tour (1933-34), 375

Enthronement Edition, 490

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Fiftieth Anniversary photo, 572

Friendship Dolls Ceremony, 137

  1. Roosevelt and, 284

Garden Club of America, 314–336, 342n4, 343n5

Grew and, 421–433

group photo (1937), 484n5

Harris and, 240

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Hawaiian reception, 245

Hearst meeting, 298–300

Hearst meeting at MGM, 311n9

Hirohito and, 476

Hirohito visit, 441, 568

Honolulu visit, 312n11

honorary degree from USC, 165, 571

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Hoover and, 276

House of Peers selection, 529–533

human rights and, 104, 121–25

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

introduction/eulogy for Shibusawa, 211

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese Red Cross Society and, 516–521

Japan Society of New York 1934 visit, 290–93

Jewish refugees and, 507–15

Kaishu and, 9, 13–15

Keller reception committee, 130

legacy events, 579–580

Lincoln Centenary Essay Contest, 115–120

Lincoln Essay Contests, 587

Lindbergh recognition, 355–407

lineage of, 1

luncheon given by Roosevelt, 286

Mashbir’s invitation response, 459

militants and, 493–503

music passion, 142

Nagako and, 440

Newsom and, 240

New York visits, 31–33, 367–370

New York World’s Fair, 414

Olympic bid (1940), 408–12

Olympic Games and, 569

orphanage visit, 133

painting (c1877), 12

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference opening address, 169

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 306n6, 309n7

Payne meeting photo, 507

photo (1934), 483n1

photo with wife and children (1918), 572

Pittsburgh visit, 59n6

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait (c1894), 17

portrait photo (1921), 90, 561

portrait photo alongside photo of Shibusawa, 183

Prince of Peace description, 526

promoting peace today, 581–82

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 520

Rotarian Age quote, 237

ROTARIAN magazine article, 239

Rotary International Conference, 229–241

Royal Couple reception, 249–250

safe zones and, 521–23

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation and, 134, 566

send-off luncheon, 576

Shibusawa and, 183–88, 581

signer of Washington Naval Conference, 89

supporting Suiheisha members, 122

sympathy booklet, 63n10

Taft diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 296–97

Tomosaburo and, 69

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

visit to U.S. (1910), 26–37, 366–373

visit to U.S. (1930), 276–79

Washington, D.C. visit, 27, 371–72, 386n13

Washington Naval Conference and, 67–98

Western view of, 91–92

women’s rights and, 126–28

World Federation of Education Association, 168

yellow peril and, 63n9

Yoshinobu and, 17

youth and guidance, 5–8

Tokugawa, Kazu, 167, 441, 483n1, 568

Tokugawa, Kikuko. See Takamatsu, Kikuko

Tokugawa, Kuniyuki, 597n19

Tokugawa, Marchioness Yorisada, 318, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Tokugawa, Marquis, 318

Tokugawa, Marquises Yorisada, 591n5

Tokugawa, Mitsukuni, 597n19

Tokugawa, Muneyoshi, 164n6

Tokugawa, Toyo, 281, 297, 300

Tokugawa, Tsunenari, 592n7, 598n20

Tokugawa, Yorifusa, 597n19

Tokugawa, Yorisada, 332, 342n4, 343n5, 589n1, 591n5

Tokugawa, Yoshichika, 164n6

Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

guiding role with Iyesato, 17

Kamenosuke adoption, 5

photograph, 186

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait with Iyesato, 17

Princess Takamatsu and, 250

Shibusawa and, 185–87

Tokugawa Art Museum, 17, 582, 597n18

Tokugawa Iesato (painting), 12

Tokugawa Memorial Foundation, 17, 582, 598n20

Tokugawa Museum Foundation, 17, 582, 597n19

Tokugawa Shogunate, 1–8, 17, 185–87, 380n1, 582, 598n20

Tokuzawa, Kenko, 340n4, 347n5

Tokyo District Court, 501

Tokyo Harbor, 473

Tokyo Imperial Household Museum, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial School of Art, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial University, 169

Tokyo Keizai University, 188

Tokyo School for the Blind. See University of Tsukuba School for the Blind

Tokyo Stock Exchange, 188

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 267, 296–97, 451

Tomosaburo, Kato, 69, 102n6

Topping, Mrs. Henry, 87

Torei Ningyo (Dolls of Gratitude), 139

Toyama, Motoichi, 164n6

Train, Russell, 259

Trans-Siberian Railway, 37

Treadway, Mrs. Lyman, 352n6

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament. See London Naval Treaty

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (1860), 6

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce (1930), 527

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Tripartite Pact, 435–36

Triple Intervention, 65n11

Tsuchihashi, Kahei, 164n6

Tsuchiya, M., 59n5, 386n14

Tsuda, Noritake, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5

Tsuda English College, 117

Tsuji, Zennosuke, 589n1

Twenty-sixth Centennial International Essay Contest Commemorating Founding of Japanese Empire, 564

 

Uchida, Yasuya, 29, 281, 372, 576

Ueno Park, Tokyo, 112, 114, 406

Umberto II, 446

Umezono, Tokuhiko, 328, 347n5

Underwood, Oscar W., 89

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), 584, 599n24

United Nations, 584

United Press, 279

United States

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

Civil War, 25, 104, 107–8, 116

embassy, 407, 455, 456

expansionism, 23

first ladies, 392–93n21

mass media, 298–300

official visit (1912), 39

politics, 23–25, 371

Red Cross Conference delegates, 546n1

United States Capitol Dome, 73

United States/Japan relations

America-Japan Society, 420n2

Dern on, 311n8

early engagement, 6–7

Harris and, 414

Knox and Pershing visit, 38–39

Lincoln and Grant, 104–25

Mashbir and, 459

Roosevelt and, 55–56

Russo-Japanese War resolution and, 215n4

Shibusawa and Straight discussion, 219n13

Shibusawa delegation, 189–203

Taft on, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa on, 293–300

United States Military Academy, 267

United States Naval Academy, 267

United States Stock Market Crash (1929), 230, 272

University of Arizona, 166

University of British Columbia, 573, 592n8

University of Pennsylvania, 262

University of Southern California (USC), 100n1, 165–66, 571

University of Tsukuba School for the Blind, 130

untouchables, 3

USC (University of Southern California), 100n1, 165–66, 571

Ushizuka, Torataro, 334, 345n5, 378, 409

 

Valadou, Joan, 570

Valentine, Myra, 351n6

Valley Forge, 262

valor (sword regalia), 486

Vandenberg, Arthur H., 286

van Karnebeek, H.A., 80

Vernou, Walter N., 286

Versailles Peace Conference (1919), 87, 426

Veverka, Ferdinand, 274

victory medals, WWI, 42–43

Villard, Oswald Garrison, 219n13, 220

Vincent, Elizabeth, 94

vitamin B1 (Orizanin®), 216n5

Viviani, René, 89

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456–58

Volz, Yong Z., 181n3

Vories, William Merrell, 422

voting rights, of Japanese women, 126

 

WACA (World Affairs Councils of America), 593n13

Wada, T., 64n10

Wakatsuki, Reijiro, 275, 498

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 290–93

Walker, James, 255

Walker, Miriam D., 351n6

Walsh, J. M., 352n6

Walsh, Mrs. Edward J., 348n6, 352n6

War Council of the American Red Cross, 54

Ward, Horace B., 95

Warren, Charles B., 87, 264

Warren, Mrs. Benjamin, 348n6, 350n6

War Zone Refugee Relief Committee, 542

Washington, Booker T., 220

Washington, George, 87, 267, 415

Washington Monument, 363

Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

acquired historical items, 96–98

additional details about, 70–85

American University students and, 93–95

against anti-Semitism, 508

articles, 101n4

continued study of, 586

foundation for, 68

group photos from, 79–80

Japanese general public and, 88

Japanese views of, 87

Jewish magazine interview, 509

militants against, 100n3

one year after, 95

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1

photo from Memorial Hall, 83

photo of Japanese Parliament delegation, 68

Red Cross Societies comparison, 516

signing ceremony, 89

Tokugawa and, 67–98

Washington Naval Treaty, 251, 424

women’s peace movement and, 86–87

Washington. Presentation of the Japanese Embassy to the President and Cabinet, in the East Room of the Executive Mansion (Taylor; engraving), 135n2

Washington Times (newspaper), 516, 546n1

Watanabe, Akira, 164n6

Watanabe, Kwazan, 157

Watase, Torajiro, 214n2

Watson, Edwin M., 286

WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union), 86–87, 102n7

Webster, Mrs. Charles, 354n8

Weeders, The (Garden Club), Philadelphia, PA, 353n6, 353n7

welcoming toasts, Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wellesley College, 267

Welsh, John, 95

West Point (United States Military Academy), 267

“What the Japanese have stood for in the World War” (T. Roosevelt), 55–56

Wheeler, Edward Jewitt, 223, 228

White, Mrs. William B., 352n6

White, Mrs. Windsor T., 349n6

White Man’s Burden (Kipling), 25, 424

Why War? Essays and Addresses on War and Peace (Butler), 258

Wild West Show, Madison Square Garden, 32

Wiley College, 166

Willard hotel, 387–390n16

Williams, Francis L., 350n6

Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson B., 349n6

Williams, Mrs. Francis D., 350n6

Williams, Walter, 174, 178

Wilmington Garden Club, Wilmington, DE, 353n6

Wilson, Hugh, 535

Wilson, Margaret, 54

Wilson, Woodrow, 22, 54, 203, 237, 306n6

Winans, Mrs. Carlton G., 352n6

Winchester and Clarke County Garden Club, Winchester, VA, 353n6

Wirt, Lincoln L., 205–6, 217n8

wisdom (mirror regalia), 486

Witsell, Edward, 458

Witte, M., 64n11

Wolseley, Frances, 391n17

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 86–87, 102n7

women

voting rights in Japan, 126

Women’s College, 115

women’s rights in Japan, 126–28

Wood, Leonard, 306n6

Wood, Mrs. Erskine, 352n6

Woodside-Atherton Garden Club, Woodside and Atherton CA, 353n6

Woodward, Robert S., 62n7

Worcester Garden Club, Worcester, MA, 353n6

World Affairs Councils of America (WACA), 593n13

world economic depression, 272, 301

World Federation of Education Associations, 168–173

World’s Sunday School Convention, 92

World War I

aftermath, 101n3, 250

aid of France, 451

Japanese participation, 39–57

Japanese Red Cross Society, 516

Japan joins Allies, 21–22

U.S.-Japan relations and, 23–25

victory medals, 38

World War II

end of, 508

Hiroshima remembrance, 588

Holocaust, 549n7

Japanese American history, 135n3, 135n4

Jewish treatment, 509

Safe Zones, 521–23

surrender, 473

Tripartite Pact and, 435–36

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 484n3

WWI Alliance postcard illustration, 24

 

Yada, Mrs. Chonosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Yagi, Hiroshi, 324, 342n4

Yajima, Kajiko, 87–88

Yamamoto, Eriko, 127

Yamamoto, Isoroku, 275

Yamashika, Seika, 504n1

Yanagita, K., 63n10

Yasakani no Magatama jewel, 486

Yashiro, Yukio, 162n5, 589n1

Yasuda, Z., 63n10

Yasuda, Zenjiro, 164n6

Yata no Kagami mirror, 486

Yatsuta Maru liner, 425

“Yellow Journalism,” 298

“Yellow Peril,” 39, 63n9, 298

YMCA, 173

Yokohama Harbor, 329

Yoshida (musician), 131

Yoshida, Kazuko, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Shigeru, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Tamotsu, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Shigeru, 336, 354n8

Yoshihito, Crown Prince (Emperor Taisho), 444

Yoshino, Shinji, 414

Yoshitaka, Kimura, 18n2

Yost, Mrs. Ellis A., 87

Yuasa, Kurahel, 502

Yuasa, Mrs. Hachiro, 328, 347n5

Yukichi, Fukuzawa, 13, 18n2, 20n4

Yukiko (granddaughter of Tokugawa), 137

 

Zacharias, Ellis M., 250, 261, 270n2

Zero Population Growth (ZPG). See Population Connection

Ziemans (Reverend), 458

Zimmermann, Arthur, 56

Zimmermann Telegram, 56

Zojoji Temple, 112

Zumoto, M., 214n2, 219n13

 

 

 

 

 

Prince Tokugawa during the 1920s and 1930s incorporated Lincoln Essay Writing Contests into all Japanese Public Schools and Colleges to Combat Racism while Honoring the Humanitarian Values of President Abraham Lincoln.

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This bronze sculpture honors three great individuals.

Men of Peace who promoted Human Dignity and Racial Equality.

President Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (徳川 家達, August 24, 1863 – June 5, 1940)

 

Martin Luther King Jr. is well known as an American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent means, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi.

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (aka Tokugawa Iesato) was born during the American Civil War and would come to admire the values of Abraham Lincoln. During the early 1860s, Iyesato’s adopted father Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi received a personal letter from President Abraham Lincoln encouraging a close friendship between the United States and Japan. Ironically, Iyesato’s life would have similarities to that of Abraham Lincoln, both national leaders who went through a moral, constitutional, and political crisis leading to a civil war in their nations.

The years leading up to WWII saw a growing militarist and fascist movement taking over Japan, disrupting the democratically elected and peace loving Japanese congress. This Japanese militarists’ goal was to expand territorially into neighboring nations. Prince Tokugawa working his allies, including Shibusawa Eiichi, incorporated the study of Chinese literature classics into Japanese schools to encourage respect for the culture of their neighbor and thus promote good relations between these two countries. Tokugawa also shared Japanese cultural treasures through a impressive art exhibition sent to the United States as a means of bridging these two nations. 

Historically, racism against Asians in the United States goes back to the mid-1800s into the first few decades of the 1900s. In response to this, Prince Tokugawa wished to guide Japan to take a more enlightened path. During the 1920s, Tokugawa incorporated Lincoln Essay Contests into all of Japan’s public schools and public universities. Large bronze commemorative medallions with the face of Abraham Lincoln upon them were awarded to the students who best expressed the noble values of Abraham Lincoln and his struggle to end slavery and racism.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This photo highlights the February 19, 1929 Award presentation to the student winners of the Third Lincoln Essay Contest which was held at the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo. Prince Tokugawa was the President of the America-Japan Society which sponsored the event.

In photo: Prince Tokugawa (front center) and Count Aisuke Kabayama (at far right). This photo is courtesy of the America-Japan Society. This fine organization, located in Japan, was founded in 1917 and continues to this day to promote amity and mutual understanding between the Japanese and American people. Prince Tokugawa was its 2nd president from 1924 until his passing in 1940. To learn more, here is the internet link to the America-Japan Society:    http://ajstokyo.org/en-home/

 

The winners of these essay contests were awarded an impressive Abraham Lincoln Commemorative Medallion in recognition of their accomplishment.

Below is the front and back of the academic award, which was 3 inches in diameter. The award included a blue velvet lined display case. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1930 Original Press Photo: Former US Ambassador to Japan Charles MacVeagh with Lincoln Essay contest winners, Japan. 

Back of the Photo states:                                              

“Winners of the Lincoln Essay contest under auspices of the Lincoln Centenary Assoc. and the Japanese-American Society photographed with American Ambassador when they receive prizes – Tokyo – left to right at the Imperial Hotel Miss Yuki Chiba, 1st prize; Ambassador Charles MacVeagh; Ichiro Kawasaki, 2nd prize and Tokuji Hasegawa, third prize. (Japan)”

Photo measures 8.5 x 6.5inches. Photo is dated 10-17-1930.  

 

 

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT PRINCE TOKUGAWA

Below are two versions of his illustrated biography:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AVAILABLE AS A DIGITAL EBOOK 

This expanded digital edition is largely identical to “THE ART OF DIPLOMACY”  but has an additional 100 pages of historical notes to assist researchers.

 

 

 

 

Description of the above book cover photo: 

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa receives an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from the University of Southern California (USC). Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid President of the university bestows this degree.

This presentation took place during a special luncheon given March 19th, 1934 in Los Angeles that was hosted by George I. Cochran, President of the Board of Trustees of USC. Prince Tokugawa was accompanied by his son Iyemasa, the newly appointed Minister to Canada.

Left to right in photo: Prince Iyesato Tokugawa; Iyemasa Tokugawa; George I. Cochran; Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid.

 

The Los Angeles Times stated that this honorary degree was given to Prince Iyesato Tokugawa:

“In recognition of distinguished service in international statesmanship,” and for his “support of many philanthropic and educational movements.”

In accepting the honor, Tokugawa respectfully said,

“He wished to receive this honor in the name of the Japanese people as a whole rather than as a personal distinction.”

The Los Angeles Times also said that a banquet dinner was to be hosted by the Japan-America Society of Los Angeles, to honor Prince Tokugawa’s visit. The Governor of California and the former Mayor of Los Angeles planned to attend.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AVAILABLE IN PRINT AND KINDLE EBOOK EDITIONS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FOR THOSE WHO WISH TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE CREATION PROCESS FOR SCULPTURES

Presented below are some of the steps involved for the bronze sculpture presented earlier.

-Photos of these fine statesmen were first gathered which presented them from various angles to assist in gaining a three dimensional perspective.

-Blocks of clay are then sculpted (carved) into a general representation.

President Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (徳川 家達, August 24, 1863 – June 5, 1940)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This sculpture was created by the author of this blog post at the Lynn Forbes Sculpture Studio in the city of Carlsbad, California 2020. The above sculpture photo was taken inside that fine studio, whose exterior is shown in the below photo.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-Once the piece is completed, the clay is allowed to dry at room temperature for six weeks.

-Then it is baked at a high temperature which further hardens the material and turns the clay to a pinkish color.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Prince Iyesato Tokugawa symbolically stand on the shoulders of President Abraham Lincoln, continuing and promoting his legacy against racism.

These great individuals all put their lives on the line promoting their humanitarian beliefs.

 

A Bronze patina finish can be applied to the sculpture and the finished work can now remain as a hardened clay sculpture or it can be cast as bronze sculpture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The above photo presents the statue in the author’s office.

A limited edition of this statue will be gifted to various organizations that promote positive international relations and social justice. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

An Exciting Upcoming Biography: Teddy Roosevelt’s Secret Mission to Japan

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INTRODUCTION

The people we choose to honor, shape and inspire our future

Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) a Man of and ahead of his Time.

Launching the creation of this exciting biography was the surprising acquisition of a one-of-a-kind, antique group photo which appeared to include Theodore Roosevelt, taken during a secret visit to Japan in 1909. And if it was Theodore, why had he gone there? The U.S. and Japanese flags attached to the ceiling above the eleven individuals in the photo gave the impression of a diplomatic event. Once you’ve read this biography, you’ll likely agree that Theodore, accompanied by his wife, Edith, their daughter, Alice, and their son, Kermit, along with seven other companions did take part in this most covert operation in U.S. Presidential History.

The research on the below mysterious 1909 photo revealed important new insights about Theodore Roosevelt, both the man and the creative international negotiator – This story will entertain the general public & supply historians with fascinating material for further investigation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This 1909 Photo was acquired while researching for the author’s historical novel, The Emperor and the Spy, and the illustrated biographies: The Art of Peace and The Art of Diplomacy. These books highlight US Japanese relations. The novel presents a high level U.S. intelligence agent, Colonel Sidney Mashbir (1891-1973), who during the 1920’s and ’30’s formed strong alliances with Japanese leaders, together striving to maintain goodwill between their nations. The biographies spotlight the inspiring Japanese statesmen, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940) and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (1840-1931), who closely engaged with eight U.S. presidents and other world leaders in the pursuit of peace, democracy, and mutually beneficial business and cultural exchange. Theodore Roosevelt, along with his presidential successor, William Howard Taft, developed a personal friendship and political alliance with Tokugawa and Shibusawa during the first decades of the 20th Century. A largely untold story.

Illustrated above is the back of the mysterious group photo, with the words written in pen:

“Yokohama Dec. 1909.”

The photo measures 4.25″ x 3.25″

*It is worthy of note that in 1905, Alice Roosevelt and William Howard Taft (the then Secretary of War under T.R.), along with a large U.S. political entourage visited Japan and Asia in general. For unknown reasons, Alice required that most the photos of that journey not be shared with the general public until over a century later. When they were made available, they were utilized for an online Smithsonian Museum Exhibit titled: Alice in Asia: The 1905 Taft Mission to Asia. It appears that secrecy was required for T.R. to achieve his diplomatic goals with the Japan in 1909. And for that reason, they delayed sharing Alice’s 1905 photos with the public until the far distant future.

The below 1905 photo illustration is from Alice Roosevelt’s autobiography, Crowded Hours. It shows her and her shipmate companions – The Photo is included in the Smithsonian Museum Exhibit: Alice in Asia: The 1905 Taft Mission to Asia – It is an interesting coincidence that in the above 1909 Photo, Alice is seated cross-legged on the ground in front of her father, while in the below 1905 Photo, she is now seated cross-legged at the feet of William Howard Taft.

 

Known-photo-of-T.R.-circa-1908

Frequently referred to by his initials T.R. or Teddy Roosevelt, he is one of our most admired and even beloved presidents. Displayed below is circa 1908 Portrait photo of T.R. standing next to a World Globe. Besides being a national statesman, he wished to be recognized as a leader with a global perspective and international influence. Like most powerful presidential leaders, there were successes and controversies linked to his domestic policies and foreign engagements. These topics are explored, using hundreds of illustrations.

On a personal note: from an early age, I’ve had a deep appreciation for Theodore for various reasons, including his sheer determination to overcome his limitations as an unhealthy child, and instead live a robust, adventurous, and accomplished life.

T.R. served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. And before that from March to September 1901, he served under President William McKinley as the 25th vice president. Prior to those highest level national offices, T.R. also held the position as the 33rd governor of the influential State of New York from 1899 to 1900, emerging as a dominant political leader and a driving force for antitrust legislation supporting Progressive policies in the early 20th century. T.R. also wore the hat of a conservationist, naturalist, and writer. And he is respectfully depicted on Mount Rushmore, alongside George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

A great deal of new historical material was discovered that highlighted Theodore Roosevelt’s strong desire to improve the lives of Black Americans. T.R. strongly looked up to President Abraham Lincoln and his struggle to eliminate slavery. This biography highlights inspiring actions on the part of T.R. to improve Black / White race relations. Based on earlier writings and research linked to eliminating racism, the author of this biography was in 2023 nominated for the Dr. Martin Luther King Community Service Award, by the City of Oceanside, California and a Chapter of the NAACP.

T.R. looked out for the average citizen and wasn’t afraid to face off with powerful corporations in order to defend America’s natural environment. Accompanied by the naturalist, John Muir, they once embarked on a three-night camping trip exploring the most beautiful and pristine areas of Yosemite. This inspired Theodore to realize that many of America’s most beautiful areas needed protection – So he established the U.S. National Park Service which watches over this precious legacy. And during his 1909 Smithsonian Museum African Safari adventure, he used his influence to inspire the creation of the great game parks of East Africa that continue to this day.

Teddy Roosevelt’s Secret Mission to Japan

Like a Sherlock Holmes mystery, unravelling clues and finding hidden meanings, recognizing the collaborators in their 1909 mission to Japan, and those dangerous forces who stood in their way – Supporting the veracity of this extraordinary story are “Highly Top Secret” classified Japanese diplomatic letters recently unearthed from the National Archives of Japan from over a century ago. These 1908-1909 correspondences strategized how best to encourage T.R. to pay a friendly visit to Japan during his term in office or after his presidency, just as the dark storm clouds of  World War One were rapidly approaching.

It appears that it was towards the conclusion of his African Safari, and before embarking on his European Peace Tour that T.R. and members of his family and their companions secretly visited Japan. The recent impressive military victory of the Japanese over the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, added importance to the US and Japan maintaining good relations. T.R.’s leadership role in bringing that conflict to an end resulted in him receiving a Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 – So US / Japan relations was a topic very close to his heart.

The amazing search capabilities of the internet assisted in the retrieval of historical newspapers/magazines and in the acquisition of long forgotten personal and official primary source materials. Included in this biography is a 1908 photo of T.R. secretly accompanied by Andrew Carnegie, attending a Memorial Ceremony for Abraham Lincoln – Carnegie wished to meet with T.R. prior to T.R.’s departure on his African Safari Adventure and European Peace Mission, which Carnegie funded.

There is also a rare 1910 photo of T.R. being met by his much younger cousin, F.D.R., upon T.R.’s return from Africa and Europe.

Another fascinating photo only recently discovered presents the then former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft  in 1915, secretly attending a diplomatic banquet in N.Y.C. honoring the visit of  the Japanese statesmen, Baron Shibusawa. There was a pattern of secrecy when it came to U.S. / Japan political relations.

This biography highlights T.R.’s alliances with the world’s most influential international political leaders, the wealthiest individuals, as well as European and Japanese nobility. Strategic statecraft lessons are revealed in this fascinating story, providing significant perspectives on matters that continue to influence U.S. Asian relations to this day.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Color enhanced version of the original 1909 photo.

                        

The book is Dedicated to these organizations

World Affairs Councils of America (WACA) – a national, non-profit, non-partisan, educational/political affairs association whose goal is international cooperation and understanding. The author is on the board of directors of the San Diego World Affairs Council, a local chapter. On a yearly basis, WACA and her many chapters across the U.S. organize exciting local and national high school competitions called Academic World Quest, where students display their knowledge of significant world events.

Rotary International promotes good-will projects in local communities and internationally. Their motto, “Service Above Self.”

Japan Society of New York City has a long history of supporting good relations between U.S. and Japan.

America-Japan Society headquartered in Tokyo, celebrated its 100th Year Anniversary in 2017. They promote peace and stability for Japan-U.S. relations, as well as for the world, encouraging educational and cultural exchange.

Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation and Museum located in Japan. Baron Shibusawa Eiichi and Prince Tokugawa Iesato were friends and allies with President Theodore Roosevelt and with other U.S. presidents in the promotion of goodwill between their nations.

National Association of Japan-America Societies (NAJAS), a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization that offers educational, cultural, and business programs about Japan and U.S./Japan relations. Located in 32 cities in the U.S., their mission to strengthen cooperation and understanding between Japan and the U.S.

*Appreciation is also given to other organizations promoting inter-racial goodwill within the U.S. and internationally.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter One                                                                          1

-Early Research to Identify the Individuals in the 1909 photo

-Overview of U.S. Japan relations mid-1800s thru early 1900s

-T.R. combats Racism against Japanese Americans

 

Chapter Two                                                                        31

-Economic Instability and an International Arms Race

 

Chapter Three                                                                     48

-Six of the Eleven Individuals in the Mystery Photo are identified

– T.R.’s exciting 1909-1910 Smithsonian African Expedition

 

Chapter Four                                                                      73

-Theories as to why Teddy Roosevelt might have Secretly Visited Japan in late 1909

 

Chapter Five                                                                       89

-Theodore Roosevelt Advances the Rights and Respect of Black Americans

 

Chapter Six                                                                       109

-Logistics as to how T.R. & his companions might have covertly travelled to Japan?

–The Cornelius Vanderbilt Family connection.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

Chapter Seven                                                                   127

-Andrew Carnegie and the Beginnings of an International Peace Movement, Supported by T.R. & influential Japanese statesmen.

–Was History Repeating Itself? Was T.R.’s 1909 visit to Japan with his family, similar to that of former President Grant, a half-century earlier?

  

Chapter Eight                                                                   146     

-‘Highly Classified Secrets’ at THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF JAPAN offers a potential key to the mysterious 1909 visit to Japan.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

Chapter Nine                                                                  172           

-T.R.’s fascinating 1909-1910 WORLD TOUR INCLUDES EGYPT AND EUROPE.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

Chapter Ten                                                                    194     

-With WORLD WAR I closing in, a strong U.S. Japan Alliance was more Important than Ever.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

CLOSING REMARKS                                                        210

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                   219

NOTES SECTION                                                              220

Additional Research Resources                                      265

Index                                                                                   267

 

 

Praise for Author’s Prior Books

The Emperor and the Spy historical novel

‘’I have learned a lot about Colonel Mashbir and his real friendship with Prince Tokugawa which was a pleasant surprise for me. Your stories about Japanese-American Military Intelligence Service have also done a great justice to so many unsung heroes.”  Kazuo Kodama, former Japanese Ambassador to the United Nations

 

“I realize how difficult it is to weave fact and fiction but you did a masterful job. I have often wondered about the closing of WW II and how Japan got its new system of governance.” J. L. Ruthenberg, Lieutenant Colonel, USMC, Retired

 

“A fascinating story . . . a fine book,”

Lisa Wolff, past Managing Editor of Simon & Shuster

 

BARNES & NOBLE chose this novel to honor Veterans Day Weekend with a Book signing at their Oceanside, California Store.

 

“Novelist brings spy out of the shadows. Looking forward to the movie.”

Pam Kragen, SAN DIEGO UNION TRIBUNE

 

“The Emperor and the Spy…I couldn’t put it down.”

Hilliard Harper, Retired Naval Reserve Commander and former Writer for the Los Angeles Times

 

“My mother is a history expert. She taught history to high schoolers. She read your book in a day over the weekend and is now rereading it. These are her comments: It’s a fun read, page turner, shows tremendous research, historical novels don’t get better than that, intelligently written book, informative, conversations enlightening, she learned a lot…In sum, she said this is an outstanding book. Congratulations!”

Dave Edick Jr., President of San Diego World Affairs Council & President of San Diego International Sister Cities Association

 

“The book is fast-paced yet thoroughly researched. I compare the depth and factual detail of Katz’s writing with those of Wilbur Smith and Dick Francis. You’ll appreciate the weaving of concurrent events, and the nuances only an expert in the field can convey. Like Frederick Forsyth’s books, the international intrigue with imminent national security threats keep one in suspense . . . Katz’s narrative subtly demonstrates the pivot points around which the arc of history may have been so very different… It’s deliciously epic.”

Rita Lim Wilby PhD., Rotarian and Chairman of Programming at San Diego World Affairs Council

 

“Thank you for having interest in Japanese History. Looking forward to your new book! [The biography of Prince Tokugawa]

Kenko Sone Director of Global Communications for Shinzō Abe Prime Minister of Japan

 

 

The Art of Peace & The Art of Diplomacy illustrated biographies

“The importance of preventing war is rarely given recognition through literature and in accounts of history.  It can be every bit as exciting as glorified accounts of war and certainly a better approach.” Professor Claire Langham, former President of the East-West Center of Southern California

 

“We look forward to adding The Art of Peace to the School’s library collection. Your goal to reach high school and college students with this information is an ambitious – but important – goal. Best wishes with your project.”

Suzette Heiman, Director of Planning and Communications Missouri School of Journalism at University of Missouri

 

“We appreciate your kindness and all the work you have done to promote understanding of Shibusawa Eiichi and US-Japan relations as a whole. I wish you all the best in your current and future endeavors. With gratitude,”  Toru Shigehara: Head Librarian/Information Resources Center, Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation and Museum located in Japan

 

Include your Contact info on TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com website to be notified when the Theodore Roosevelt Biography is published.

You’re also invited to Like the Facebook Author Page: https://www.facebook.com/TheEmperorAndTheSpy/

 

Prince Tokugawa’s Pivotal Role in Establishing the National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, DC.

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Prince Iyesato Tokugawa guided the Japanese gifting of the cherry blossom trees to the U.S. Capital in 1910 and 1912 into becoming an international token of goodwill which is now officially known as the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival – His behind the scenes role in accomplishing this diplomatic success was discovered while researching for the illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa, titled: THE ART OF PEACE.

[Note: Prince Tokugawa (1863-1940) while traveling outside of Japan went by the name Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, while in Japan, he was known as Prince Tokugawa Iesato.]

The above May 5, 1910 New York Daily Tribune announced the coming arrival of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa to New York City, following his visit to Washington, D.C. Scheduled to coincide with the arrival of Prince Tokugawa, was the recent arrival of a delegation of sixty Japanese. Prince Tokugawa and his delegation had spent time together in the U.S. Capital, prior to visiting New York City. Several of the Japanese delegation are shown in the newspaper photos. The individual standing between the gentlemen in the long white coat and the individual in the white hat is  Yukio Ozaki Mayor of Japan’s capital city of Tokyo, who is the Japanese official most remembered linked to the gifting of the cherry blossom trees to the U.S. capital city of Washington, D.C. This recognition being given to Mayor Ozaki is based on Prince Tokugawa’s humility and wisdom, he preferred this gift be seen symbolically coming from the nation of Japan, rather than highlight his own role in bringing it about.

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Left) Sectional view from The New York Daily Tribune 1910 photo, Mayor Ozaki is in the center. (Right photo for comparison) Circa 1920 photo of Mayor Ozaki.

The goodwill delegation accompanying Prince Tokugawa included bankers, physicians, lawyers, merchants, sociologists and newspaper men, who were on a world tour. Besides America, their itinerary included France, Germany, Switzerland, and Russian Siberia. They desired to familiarize themselves with the outside world, and also encourage the outside world to have a better understanding of Japan.

During his 1910 visit, Prince Tokugawa met and dined with President Taft at the White House. Prince Tokugawa and two visiting members of the Imperial family were also honored with a luncheon by the Japan Society of Manhattan. A hundred guests were present, with the President of the Society, Lindsay Russell, presiding. At that event, Prince Tokugawa expressed his appreciation of the Japan Society, which was founded just three years earlier in 1907 and continues to this day to promote good U.S. Japan relations . . . That evening, a special dinner was held by the Japan Society for Mayor Yukio Ozaki. This gave Prince Tokugawa an opportunity to introduce Yukio Ozaki to leading members of the Japanese-American community and to the general American public as part of promoting the Japanese gift of cherry blossom trees.

Though, Prince Tokugawa held the powerful position of President of Japan’s upper house of congress The House of Peers, when asked by reporters why he had come to America in 1910, as was his style, he humbly declared he was there in no official capacity – However, he expressed his interest in the comparative study of the governmental systems of other modern nations. He visited the U.S. Congress twice to see her political process in action. To better understand the U.S. legal system, Tokugawa viewed a corporate lawsuit trial.

On a lighter note, while in New York City, Prince Tokugawa was greatly amused when he visited Madison Square Garden and saw a Wild West Show, with cowboys straining to hang onto bucking mustangs! – As for sports, Tokugawa had become an avid baseball fan well before his 1910 visit. He beamed as he told U.S. reporters about the excitingly competitive intercollegiate baseball games he’d seen in Japan between the University of Wisconsin and the Tokio College team. Tokugawa expressed the hope that many more games would be arranged between American and Japanese college teams, and that he wished to see baseball become the national game of Japan. Tokugawa sincerely believed that nations that shared a love for such a fine sport, would likely remain good allies. Two decades later, Prince Tokugawa arranged for the American All-Star Team to visit Japan to play ball.

The Japanese initially gifted two thousand cherry blossom trees in 1910. Regrettably, those trees were diseased and had to be destroyed. To remedy this unexpected setback and further build upon this goodwill gesture, in 1912 the Japanese sent an even greater number, three thousand and twenty cherry blossom trees of twelve varieties. President Taft and his wife would be the official U.S. representatives receiving this gift.

In terms of the evolution of the Cherry Blossom Festival, from 1913 – 1920: workmen continued planting the Japanese cherry blossom trees around the Washington, D.C. Tidal Basin and in East Potomac Park. However, no events occurred to commemorate the gift, that is, until 1922, when the first annual gatherings began. – What is significant is that during 1921-1922, Prince Tokugawa returned to the U.S. to ally with the current President Warren Harding during the Washington Naval Arms (Limitation) Conference, the first truly international conference held in the U.S. Capital. Prince Tokugawa headed the Japanese delegation – It was during this successful conference, that Prince Tokugawa most likely also found time to encourage the Japanese cherry blossom gift into becoming an annual celebration. Below is a signed portrait etching of Prince Tokugawa, drawn during that 1921-1922 conference.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1920s: a painter & several photographers are at the Tidal Basin facing the Washington Monument, attempting to capture the beauty of the cherry trees in bloom. Photo: Library of Congress.

 

During 1930 and during 1933-1934, Prince Tokugawa again travelled across the U.S. – During that last visit, he further promoted the goodwill of the 1912 Japanese gift. Prince Tokugawa was a luncheon guest of his friends Colonel Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (son of deceased President) and his mother Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt. This was followed by a more formal luncheon given in Prince Tokugawa’s honor by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The impressive guest list at this event included: the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and Interior; several Congressman, the Under Secretary of State (and former U.S. Ambassador to Belgium and Canada); the Surgeon General, and the Chairman of the American Red Cross John Barton Payne. [Source: “Formal Luncheon Given By President Roosevelt Entertains for the Head of the Japanese Red Cross, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa.” The New York Times, March 2, 1934.]

It is significant to recognize that Prince Tokugawa was in Washington, D.C. during March 1934, the month preceding the “first formal festival” commemorating the 1912 Japanese gift of cherry trees – On April 19th, 1934: The District of Columbia Commissioners sponsored a three-day Cherry Blossom Festival.

The following year, 1935, the National Cherry Blossom Festival ‘Officially’ became an annual event in the U.S. Capital.

Prince Tokugawa had accomplished his mission, helping launch this important international goodwill event. He would likely have wished to attend the 1934 inauguration ceremony, but his schedule required him to be on the West Coast to receive an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from the University of Southern California (USC). The book cover for the biography THE ART OF PEACE  presents him receiving this degree from the president of USC, for his support of foreign student exchange programs & for his international philanthropic contributions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“THE ART OF PEACE“ IS AVAILABLE AS A DIGITAL EBOOK

 

 

 

 

 

PRINCE TOKUGAWA’S BIOGRAPHY IS ALSO AVAILABLE IN A PRINT and KINDLE EDITION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Below are several additional historical photos and some recent ones linked to the Cherry Blossom Festival:

 

April 16, 1934 press photo describes a Cherry Tree Spectacle that brought 100,000 visitors to Washington, D.C., over the weekend to witness the beautiful cherry trees in bloom. This was in preparation for the Cherry Blossom Festival to be held the following week. Some of these trees were further beautified with electric lighting.

 

 

 

 

 

March 18, 1937 press photo gives further insight into Prince Tokugawa’s important role in the establishment of the National Cherry Blossom Festival: The Garden Club of America wanted to thank Prince Tokugawa and Japan for the hospitality shown to their garden club members from across the U.S., during their 1935 visit, when they toured the most beautiful of Japan’s gardens, as well as her historical sites. The garden club also wished to commemorate the 25th Anniversary of the Japanese gifting of the cherry blossom trees to the U.S. in 1912. When they reciprocated in 1937, with a gift of 4,650 flowering trees and plants, who better to receive this gift to Japan, than Prince Tokugawa. As it had been him, who introduced the then Mayor of Tokyo to the U.S. leaders in Washington, D.C. in 1910, as part of launching that goodwill gesture.

In the above photo, Prince Tokugawa is now accompanied by the current Mayor of Tokyo, Torataro Ushitsuka. Together, they represented Japan in receiving these gifted trees and plants from the Garden Club of America. They were joined by the current U.S. Ambassador Joseph Clark Grew and his wife, who represented the United States. Photo shows the official group at tea, after having attended the gifting ceremony held at Kiyozumi Park, Tokyo.

Left to right: Prince Tokugawa, Ambassador Grew, Mayor Ushitsuka, and Mrs. Grew, with her back to the camera.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“The Queen of the 1937 National Cherry Blossom Festival” Washington, D.C.

25th Anniversary Celebration commemorating the 1912 Japanese gift, Sakiko Saito (left) age 10, is ceremonially crowned Queen of this goodwill event. Sakiko is accompanied by her entourage: her sister, Masako Saito (right) age 8, and Barbara Caldwell (center) age 10, who is the Maid of Honor representing the U.S. Sakiko and Masako are the daughters of the Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. Hirosi Saito. Source press photo.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The 1930s were a difficult time in terms of the world economic depression, with powerful forces pushing the world towards war. To counter this, nation-bridging efforts were promoted by Prince Tokugawa and his allies. The above December 21st, 1936 press photo presents Japanese Ambassador Saito’s younger daughter Masako (7 years old), along with other foreign diplomats’ children (dressed in their nations’ traditional clothing) sending Merry Christmas greetings by radio broadcast to youngsters around the world. This was the fourth annual broadcast of its kind.

 

 

Prince Tokugawa felt that life was precious and meant to be celebrated!

Tokugawa and his allies would be delighted to see the goodwill event they launched many years ago, continues to bring joy to so many today, contributing to better understanding between nations – Perhaps one day, Prince Tokugawa’s memory will be be honored as part of this wonderful celebration.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The above photo and those that follow are provided courtesy of The National Cherry Blossom Festival, Inc. a not-for-profit organization whose mission is:

“Dedicated to promoting the beauty of nature and international friendship through year-round programs, events, and educational initiatives that enhance our environment, showcase arts and culture, and build community spirit.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE ART OF PEACE: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa – Introduction

by 3 Comments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

For centuries, the Shoguns ruled over a relatively isolated feudal society. Prince Iyesato Tokugawa aka Prince Tokugawa Iesato was to become the next shogun, but when that dynasty ended, he instead creatively guided an emerging Japan onto a modern, interconnected world stage.

 

Description of the book cover photo: 

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (aka Prince Tokugawa Iesato) receives an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from the University of Southern California (USC). Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid President of the university bestows this degree.

This presentation took place during a special luncheon given March 19th, 1934 in Los Angeles that was hosted by George I. Cochran, President of the Board of Trustees of USC. Prince Iyesato Tokugawa was accompanied by his son Iyemasa, the newly appointed Minister to Canada.

Left to right in photo: Prince Iyesato Tokugawa; Iyemasa Tokugawa; George I. Cochran; Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid.

The Los Angeles Times stated that this honorary degree was given to Prince Iyesato Tokugawa:

“In recognition of distinguished service in international statesmanship,” and for his “support of many philanthropic and educational movements.”

In accepting the honor, Tokugawa respectfully said,

“He wished to receive this honor in the name of the Japanese people as a whole rather than as a personal distinction.”

The Los Angeles Times also stated that a banquet dinner was to be hosted by the Japan-America Society of Los Angeles, to honor Prince Tokugawa’s visit. The Governor of California James Rolph and the former Mayor of Los Angeles John C. Porter planned to attend.

 

Introduction

The people that we choose to honor shape and inspire our future.

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940) was a Renaissance man, combined with being an adept diplomat and politician, who shared his passion for the arts, music, science, and nature to create cultural and political bridges between the East and the West, while also promoting mutual respect within Asia. He would make a fine role model for our current leaders, dealing with the urgent issues of today that require international cooperative efforts to solve.

A man ahead of his time, Prince Tokugawa supported higher education and a greater voice for women in public affairs, and despite his powerful influence, he maintained his humility, often working behind the scenes, remaining unrecognized for many of his significant achievements, until now.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Portrait photo during the international 1921–22 Washington Naval Arms (Limitation) Conference held in the U.S. capital, where Prince Tokugawa Iesato headed the Japanese delegation.

Born in Japan during the time of the American Civil War, young Iyesato came to deeply respect the ideals that President Lincoln represented. During the 1920’s, in his pursuit of peace and human equality, Tokugawa sponsored essay contests in all of Japan’s public schools and universities, with awards presented to the students whose essays best expressed the noble values of Abraham Lincoln.

In the two decades prior to WWII, Prince Tokugawa heroically stood up against the spread of fascism and utilized his position as president of the Japanese Red Cross in 1934, to create Safe Zones in worn-torn China, in cities such as Shanghai. These sanctuaries would help the save the lives of over a half-million Chinese civilians, and tens of thousands of Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust in Europe.

Unlike the traumatic years of World War II, which have been thoroughly examined, the four decades preceding that conflict have received far less scrutiny and remain largely a mystery in terms of Japan-U.S. relations. In the process of rapidly rebuilding a strong alliance between the U.S. and Japan following that war, there has been a tendency not to dwell on the events leading up to that conflict. However, the more I discovered about this remarkable individual, the more certain I felt that people would want to know this unsung hero. To narrate Prince Tokugawa’s life requires some details about his shogun heritage, the historic events of his time, and the prominent people with whom he engaged. This biography serves as a time-capsule/almost a museum containing hundreds of captivating illustrations.

This project started twenty years ago, when as the proprietor of antiquarian bookstore, I quite serendipitously acquired the personal letters, official documents, and photo collection of a U.S. military intelligence agent Colonel Sidney Forrester Mashbir, whom Prince Tokugawa befriended during the 1920s and ‘30s. Colonel Mashbir so respected Prince Tokugawa, that he shared the Prince’s impassioned efforts to curtail the bellicose rhetoric and actions on both sides of the Pacific that threatened to undermine the productive relationship between their two nations.

My curiosity, sparked by this fascinating trove of long forgotten and almost lost historical materials, led to further exploration. Amazingly, I couldn’t find any published books in English that revealed Prince Tokugawa having had such historical significance. However, the revelations in Colonel Mashbir’s letters and documents were astounding. This highly placed intelligence agent stated:

– Prince Tokugawa was the “true hidden power behind the Imperial Throne,” and that based on Tokugawa’s great political influence, had the Prince not passed away in 1940, he would have in all likelihood been able to convince his countrymen to instead enter the war on behalf of the Allies.

This inspiring true story first led to the writing of an historical novel The Emperor and the Spy, which honored the adventurous career of Colonel Mashbir and his friendship with many leaders of Japan, including members of the Japanese Royal Family. Readers of this novel requested more information about the impressive individuals and the historical events depicted in the novel, leading to a nonfictional sequel, The Art of Peace.

So the quest began: extensive research revealed Prince Tokugawa celebrated life and personally engaged with many of the most influential and colorful people of his time: including the world famous aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife Anne, the newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst, and others in the Hollywood film industry. During his long diplomatic career, Iyesato befriended a half dozen U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and William Howard Taft, as well as many other world leaders, with the goal of encouraging amity and understanding with Japan.

It was also surprising to find out that Iyesato had taken a pivotal role in the initial Japanese gifting of cherry blossom trees to the U.S. in 1910 and 1912 and then guided that token of international friendship into becoming the National Cherry Blossom Festival, a joyous event celebrated annually in Washington, D.C., sharing an appreciation for the beauty of nature, while promoting the strong cordial U.S. – Japan relations.

This story has a strong relevance for today – Our time cries out for greater cooperation between nations and a deeper compassion for the value of human life & respect for human dignity. These priorities are what Prince Tokugawa stood for – Tokugawa’s fascinating and integral role in history will inspire students, the general public, and government leaders – The Art of Peace is initially offered to a Western audience and in the future be translated for the Japanese public.

 

 

Praise for The Art of Peace

“Your new biography is the perfect follow on to your historical novel The Emperor and the Spy about Colonel Mashbir, a  superlative history that was a fun read, yet it was also eye opening to the story behind the scenes in that critical time of history between the west and Japan.  Here in this biography is all that anyone who is a serious student of conflict and history of Japan could possibly want.  The illustrated version of pure history makes this biography as fun to read as a novel. I enjoyed every chapter and loved the way you ended the book with President Obama’s and Japanese Prime Minister Abe’s speeches – Those words are exactly how all our minds should work in building relationships between peoples that are of different cultures.  I am richer in knowledge about all the amazing heretofore unknown to me heroes that you portrayed, especially Prince Tokugawa.

Paul Ringwood U.S. Navy Commander (retired)

 

“I am very pleased to learn that you have now published The Emperor and the Spy – I have learned a lot about Colonel Mashbir and his real friendship with Prince Tokugawa which was a pleasant surprise for me.” “I wish you all the best & best of luck on your new book on ‘’Tokugawa Iesato.”

Kazuo Kodama, former Ambassador of Japan to the United Nations / current Ambassador of Japan to the European Union

 

“The importance of preventing war is rarely given recognition through literature and in accounts of history.  It can be every bit as exciting as glorified accounts of war and certainly a better approach.”

Professor Claire Langham, former President of the East-West Center of Southern California which promotes positive relations among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue.

 

“This is a really interesting and understudied topic.”

Professor Benjamin Uchiyama, Ph.D. History, University of Southern California

 

“We appreciate your kindness and all the work you have done to promote understanding of Shibusawa Eiichi and US-Japan relations as a whole. I wish you all the best in your current and future endeavors. With gratitude,”

Toru Shigehara: Head Librarian/Information Resources Center – Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation and Museum

 

On June 22nd, 2016 a Japanese diplomatic/educational event took place representing the Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. This gathering was hosted by the San Diego Chapter of the World Affairs Councils of America and took place at the Joan Kroc Peace and Justice Institute on the campus of the University of San Diego – Katz was invited to do a book signing at this event of the The Emperor and the Spy – An inscribed copy was given to Kenko Sone, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s Director of Global Communications, to be gifted to Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, when Sone returned to Japan. Below is a message from Kenko Sone:

“To Mr. Stan S. Katz,                      

Thank you for having interest in Japanese History.

Looking forward to your new book about Prince Tokugawa Iesato as well!”

Kenko Sone 

 

“We look forward to adding The Art of Peace to the School’s library collection. Your goal to reach high school and college students with this information is an ambitious – but important – goal.

Best wishes with your project.”

Suzette Heiman, Director of Planning and Communications

The Missouri School of Journalism at University of Missouri [The first school of Journalism established in the U.S.]

 

 

The Art of Peace is Dedicated to these organizations

Rotary International, promotes good will projects in local communities and internationally – Their motto: “Service Above Self.”

Prince Tokugawa was an Honorary Member of the Tokyo Rotary Chapter.

World Affairs Councils of America, a national, non-partisan, educational/political affairs organization whose objective is better international cooperation and understanding.

The author of this biography is an active member of the San Diego World Affairs Council, which is a chapter of the national organization.

America-Japan Society, headquartered in Tokyo, celebrated its 100th Year Anniversary in 2017. Prince Tokugawa served as its second President from 1924 up until his passing in 1940.

The America-Japan Society promotes peace and stability for Japan-U.S. relations, as well as for the world. Their activities encourage educational and cultural exchange.

Japan Society, located in New York City, has a long history of supporting good relations between U.S. and Japan.

Prince Tokugawa was a Life Member of the Japan Society and was their guest of honor at their 1934 Annual Dinner Celebration.

Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation / Museum commemorate the legacy of Baron Shibusawa. Shibusawa, who was one of Prince Tokugawa’s closest friends and allies in the pursuit of international goodwill. Started over 120 years ago, the organization is based in Asukayama Park in Oji, Tokyo, on the site of the former Shibusawa residence.

National Association of Japan-America Societies (NAJAS), a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization that offers educational, cultural, and business programs to the general public about Japan & U.S./Japan relations. Its independent member Japan and Japan-America Societies are located in 32 cities thru-out the U.S. – Their mission is to strengthen cooperation and understanding between Japan and the U.S.

 

 

Table of Contents

Chapter

1        A Dynasty Comes to an End

2        In Defense of Democracy, Japan Joins the Allies in World War I

3        The Washington Naval Arms (Limitation) Conference 1921-22

4        Advocate of Human Rights

5        Bridging Nations through their Love of Children, the Visual Arts, and Music

6        Democracy is built upon a Worldly Education and Freedom of the Press

7        Friendship and Alliance with Baron Shibusawa / Support of Armenians

8        Rotary International’s Silver Anniversary Convention Honors Prince Tokugawa as a Symbol of Peace

9        A Japanese Royal Wedding Turns into a Worldwide Goodwill Tour

10      The Great Depression Requires International Cooperation

11      The Garden Club of America Is Invited to Japan

12      Japan’s Gifting of Cherry Blossom Trees to the U.S.

13      Gala Events, Honoring Adventurous Heroes, and Promoting a Love of Baseball

14      Averting War: The Alliance with U.S. Ambassador Joseph Grew

15      The Power behind the Imperial Throne & the Mentorship of Crown Prince Hirohito

16      Courage in the Face of Death

17      Saving Chinese civilians and Jewish European refugees; also giving Aid to Ethiopians

18      Prince Tokugawa’s Legacy Lives On

                                

 Credit for the Illustrations

Hundreds of diverse historical documents were gathered over two decades, from antique and photo archive dealers from around the world. They include: personal letters, official documents, Japanese scrolls, artwork, invitations to international diplomatic events, vintage postcards, older magazines, pamphlets, newspapers and press photos, as well as other historical materials – They are often rare or one-of-a-kind, and are called ephemera because of their age and fragile nature, they have a tendency to crumble or be thrown away – disappearing in the sands of time. One benefit of today’s digital age is that it takes only the scanning of one surviving copy to again bring life to significant individuals and events from the past.

 

DIGITAL EDITION

 

 

 

 

A PRINT & KINDLE EDITION OF PRINCE TOKUGAWA’S BIOGRAPHY IS NOW ALSO AVAILABLE:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hope you enjoy!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

THE ART OF DIPLOMACY & THE ART OF DIPLOMACY

HAVE AN INDEX TO ASSIST HISTORICAL RESEARCHERS

For reference, below is the INDEX for the digital edition.

Note: When the letter ‘n’ follows page numbers and has a number after it – that tells you that that topic is presented within a chapter note with that number.

AAS (American Antiquarian Society), 223

Abe, Shinzo, 580, 587–88, 600–605n25

Abraham Lincoln Commemorative Medal, 116

academic medals to Japanese students, 115

Academic WorldQuest™ (AWQ), 594n13

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 166

ACJ (American Center Japan), 484n3

Adachi, Mineichirō, 64n11, 591n5

Adrenalin®, 216n5

Aesthetic Dancers, 377

Akihito (Emperor of Japan), 269, 474, 478, 566, 568

Akihito (Empress of Japan), 566

Akitake Tokugawa Delegation, 186

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 189–191

Alger, Mrs. Russell A., 351n6

Alice in Asia The 1905 Taft Mission to Asia As told in Crowded Hours Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (exhibition), 37, 359, 381n3

Alice Roosevelt Longworth Collection, 382n3

Allenby, Edmund Field Marshal, 447-448

Military commander during WWI of Lawrence of Arabia

host to Crown Prince Hirohito in 1921

Allies, 21–22, 39–57, 101n3, 471

Amau, Mrs. Eiji, 341n4, 346n5

Ambrose, Edna, 351n6

America-Japan Society (AJS)

academic medals given to Japanese students, 115

American All-Stars luncheon, 406

continued today, 580

dinner honoring Garden Club, 319

Fiftieth Anniversary of Grant’s death, 114

Garden Club of America (GCA) visit, 314–356

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Lincoln essay contest, 115–120

mission statement, 420n2

origins of, 595n14

Special Bulletin with Tokuda’s essay, 118

stone lantern gift, 174–180

American All-Star Baseball Team, 32, 405–7

American Antiquarian Society (AAS), 223

American Center Japan (ACJ), 484n3

American Hebrew and Jewish Messenger (journal), 511–15, 550–54n8

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

American Minister to Japan, Harris, 184

American Pictorial (magazine), 67, 75–77

American pragmatism and Chinese modernization Importing the Missouri model of journalism education to modern China (Volz and Lee), 181n3

American Red Cross, 546n1

American School in Tokyo, 422

American Sports Congress, 173

American Stock Exchange, 31, 370

American Union Bank, 272

American Youth Hostel, 173

Anesaki, Masaharu, 162n5

Anglo-Japanese exposition. See Japanese-British Exhibition

Anti-Comintern Pact, 434

anti-Semitism, 508, 521, 537–39

Aoki, Setsuichi, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5, 589n1

Aoyama Funeral Hall, 498

Aoyama Gakuin University, 115

Arai, Gyoji, 344n5

Arai, Mrs. Ryoichiro, 342n4, 345n5

Arai, Mrs. Yoneo, 341n4, 345n5

Araki, Sadao, 311n8

Arc de Triomphe, 451

Arlington National Cemetery, 267, 296

Armenian genocide, 204–7, 217n8

Armenian Relief Committee of Japan, 206–7, 217n8

Armenian Weekly (magazine), 204–7, 217n8, 218n9

arms limitation treaty, 509

arms race, 67

. See also Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 359, 382n3

Asabuki, Tsunekichi, 346n5

Asahi (newspaper), 59n5, 189, 386n14, 388n16

Asano, Jinshichi, 342n4

Asano, Ryozo, 162n5, 343n4

Asayama, Tominosuke, 344n5

asbarez.com, 218n10

Ashbury Park Press (newspaper), 312n10

Ashino, Kimiko, 341n4, 347n5

Ashton, Mr. and Mrs. James M., 352n6

assassination attempt, against Yuasa, 502

Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, 189

Austin, Mrs. J. Alex, 350n6

Avenue des Champs-Élysées, 451

Awa Maru, S.S., 374

Axis Power allies, 435

 

Babbitt, Sarah Carter, 350n6

Babkenian, Vicken, 218n10

Bacon, Augustus Octavius, 29, 30, 372

Bakumatsu Osaka Castle, 18n1

Baldwin, Mrs. Karl, 87

Balfour, Arthur James, 80, 89

Ballantine, Joseph W., 137

Baltimore News-Post (newspaper), 429

Bank of Japan, 497, 505n2

bank runs, during Great Depression, 272

Barger, Edna, 351n6

Barnes, Mrs. John S., 353n6

Barreras Jr., Antonio, 97

baseball, 32, 405–7

Baseball Hall of Fame, 407

Bates, Frances C., 353n6

Battle of Tsushima Strait (1905), 24

Bedford Garden Club, Bedford Hills, NY, 349n6

Beebe, Mr. and Mrs. Marcus, 354n8

Benes, Eduard, 62n7

benevolence (jewel regalia), 486

Bennett, Richard B., 62n7

Besange, Robert Jacquinot de, 521–22

Betty (daughter of Joseph W. Ballantine), 137

Bickel, Karl, 279

Big Nine (chief delegates), 79

Billy, Robert de, 591n5

birthday anniversary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, 464

Bismarck, Otto von 12 Black Tuesday, 12

Black Tuesday, 272

Blood Brotherhood of Japan, 501

Boardman, Mabel T., 546n1

Boardman, Mrs. William J., 546n1

Board of Tourist Industry, 408

Bohr, Nils, 468, 484n4

Bolshevik Revolution, 74, 101n3

Bone, Scott C., 306n6

Borah, William, 274

Borden, Robert, 89

Bovard, Mrs. Oliver K., 352n6

Boyd, Lizzie E., 350n6

Brandegee, Frank B., 30, 372

Briand, Aristide, 80, 89, 546n1

Brooke, John M., 18n2, 20

Brookings, Robert S., 61n7

Brooks, Brian, 177–78

Brown, Mr. and Mrs. Theodore E., 351n6

Bruce, S. M., 306n6

Buat, Edmond, 546n1

Buchanan, James, 19

Buckingham Palace, 447

Buffalo Commercial (newspaper), 103n8

Buffalo Times (newspaper), 103n9

Bulkley, Jonathan, 352n6

Bulkley, Mrs. Jonathan, 318, 320, 348n6, 352n6

Buma, Mrs. Kyoichi, 328, 347n5

Bunker, Frank F., 306n6

Burleson, Albert S., 30, 372

Burlington Free Press (newspaper), 270n1

Burnett, Charles, 119, 456, 458

Burnham, David, 350n6

Burnham, Mrs. Claude G., 350n6

Bush, Laura, 393n21

Butler, Nicholas Murray, 62n7, 167, 255–58

 

Cabell, Mrs. Henry F., 352n6

Caldwell, Barbara, 379

calligraphy, 16, 210

Canada/Japan relations, 592n8

canned interviews, 34, 371, 386n15

Cannon, Joseph Gurney, 30, 372

Carlos and Malú Alvarez Academic WorldQuest National Competition, 594n13

Carmody, Dr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Carnegie, Andrew, 33

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 33, 61n7, 257, 258, 372

Carnegie Institute, 33, 372

Carnegie Steel Corporation, 258

Carnegie Steel Mills, 33, 372

Carnets magazine, 248n2

Carpenter, Fred W., 58n2, 381n2

Carter, Thomas H., 30, 372

caste system, 121

Catonsville Garden Club, MD, 349n6

Cattler, M. Felician, 546n1

Century Publishing, NY, 221

Chamberlain to the Imperial Court, Tokugawa, 440

cherry blossoms

gift of trees, 32, 200, 334, 357–379, 392n21, 583

historical/cultural overview, 380n1

viewing party, 130

Washington, D.C., 261, 374

Chestnut Hill Garden Club, MA, 349n6

“Chicago–1930” (Marvin), 244, 248n2

Chicago Stadium, 242

Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 386n15

Chicago World’s Fair, 312n11, 404

Chichibu (prince), 444

Chichibu Maru, M.S., 315

Chida, Hiroshi, 109

children’s orphanages, 133

Chikako, Kazu-no-Miya, wife of Shogun Iemochi, 6

Chilton, Mrs. William E., 350n6

Chinda, Iwa, 374, 392n21

Chinda, Sutemi, 200, 203, 217n6, 374

Chinese-American citizens, 25

Chinese civilians, 508, 542–44

Chinese delegation, 89

Cho, Tsugiyoshi, 484n5

Choate, Joseph H., 61n7

Choate, Mabel, 348n6, 350n6

Chrysanthemum flower, 486

Cincinnati Garden Club, OH, 349n6

civil war, in Japan, 410

Civil War, U.S., 25, 104, 107–8, 116

Clark, E. Warren, 13–15, 20n4

Claudel, Paul, 274

Clear, W. J., 458

Cleveland Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Clinton, Hillary, 392n21

Cochran, George Ira, 165, 181n1, 571

Coe, Mrs. Henry E., 349n6

Cohasset Garden Club, MA, 349n6

Cold War, 436

colonialism, 23, 74, 125, 221

Columbia Broadcasting System, 62n7

Columbia University, 167, 257

Committee for the Advancement of the Negro Race (1906), 220

Committee on World Friendship Among Children, 138

communism, 250, 414, 443–46, 470

Congress Hall by Night, Japan-British Exhibition, 37

Connecticut Valley Garden Club, 349n6

Constitution (1889), 21

Continental Hall, 78

Coolidge, Calvin, 87, 273, 274, 306n6

Coolidge, Mrs. Calvin, 546n1

Coolidge, Mrs. Harold J., 351n6

cornerstone laying dedication ceremony, 422

Cornig, Mrs. Erastus, 354n8

Costin, Alex, 548n6

Country Life magazine, 249

Court of Progress, Japan-British Exhibition, 35

Craig, Malin, 268

Crane, Mrs. Carey, 341n4

Crane, Mrs. W. C., 346n5

Cross, Mary R., 348n6, 351n6

Cummings, Hugh S., 286

Curley, James Michael, 263

 

Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd., 216n5

daimyo lords, 3

Dai Nihonshi (history book started by Mitsukuni), 598n19

Dan, Baroness Ino, 341n4, 346n5

Dan, Ino, 162n5, 343n4, 344n5, 345n5

Dan, Takuma, 490, 496, 499, 501, 505n2

dan system, 409

Darby, William L., 141, 160n2

Darrach, Mrs. William, 348n6, 350n6

Daughters of the American Revolution Memorial Hall, 73

Davis, Mrs. Livingston, 349n6

Davison, Henry P., 53, 54

Davison, Marion M., 337n3

Davison, Mrs. Chesebrough, 351n6

Dayton Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Deacon, Richard, 495

death threats and assassinations, 493–503, 505n2

Debuchi, Katsuji, 259–261, 274, 275, 426, 463–65

Debuchi, Mrs. Katsuji, 259, 261, 346n5

Debuchi, Takako, 341n4, 347n5

De Forest, J. H., 384n11

demilitarized areas. See safe zones

Den, Makoto, 344n5

Denby, Edwin, 93

Denby, Jr., Charles, 93, 94

Denby, Mrs. Charles, 546n1

Densho (educational organization), 128, 135n3

Densho Encyclopedia, 135n3

Department of Cinema, USC, 166

Depew, Chauncey, 29, 372

Dern, George H., 311n8

DeYoung, M. H., 32, 370

Dillingsworth, Lt., 458

diplomacy, 229–247

diplomatic/education events, 579–580

diplomatic mission sent by Shogun Iemochi, 6–7

disabilities, 129–133

disarmament movement. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

discrimination, 123–25, 139, 160n2, 384n11, 424, 509

documentary films, 267, 270n4, 524–25, 547n5

Doi, Michio, 213n2

Doi, Mitsutomo, 589n1

Dolls of Friendship: The Story of a Goodwill Project between the Children of America and Japan, 138, 160n2

Dome of the U.S. Capitol, 73

Domoto, Insho, 163n6

Domoto, Tomiko, 340n4, 347n5

Dotzler, Carl (Karl), 590n3

Doughty, Mrs. L. G., 352n6

Duchess de Rohan, 57

Dunn, James Clement, 286

DuPont, Mrs. William K., 348n6, 353n6

Durrach, Mrs. W., 318

Dyer, Brainerd, 95

Early, Stephen T., 286

East & West Meeting, 198–202

Easthampton Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Eavesdropping on Hell Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (Hanyok), 537–39, 549n7

Edgar Thomson Steel Mills, 33, 372

Edison, Thomas Alva, 190

Edoff, Mrs. Frank J., 352n6

Edo Inheritance, The (Tsunenari), 598n20

Education Conference, Pan-Pacific, 168–173

Education for International Co-operation, 173

Edward (King of England), 58n1

Egypt, Egyptian Museum, the National Library, Arabian Fine Arts Gallery, the Citadel, the Mosque of Mohammed, 447-448

Eisenhower, Mamie, 392n21

Eliot, Charles W., 61n7

Elliott, Mrs. Stewart, 353n6

Ely, Joseph B., 263

Emmanuel III, Victor, 22

Emperor and the Spy, The (Heifetz), 142, 455, 478, 482, 533, 545, 580

Emperor Meiji Shrine, 427

Englewood Garden Club, NJ, 349n6

English, Mrs. Robert P., 349n6

Enlai, Zhou, 545

Enomoto, Mrs. Ryuichiro, 341n4, 347n5

enthronement, 463, 486–492

Enthronement (book), 488–89

Enthronement Edition, 488–492, 504n1, 505n2

Eppley, Marion, 351n6

Escape to the Rising Sun (film), 547n5

Esperanto, 173

Espy, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur, 349n6

ETA. See Suiheisha Society

Ethiopia, 508, 527–28

Eton College, 11–12

Evening Star (newspaper), 29, 59n4, 372, 387n16

Evening Sun (newspaper), 526

Exchange Club, The, 481, 485n6

Executive Committee, Exhibition Advisory Committee, 345n5

Exile Shanghai (film), 547n5

expansionism, American, 23

 

Fairchild, David, 363

Fairfield Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Family of Nations broadcast, 62n7

farm communities, 301

Farrington, Wallace R., 306n6

Father of Modern Japanese Banking and Capitalism. See Shibusawa, Eiichi

Favre, Guillaume, 520

Faymonville, P. R., 458

Feast of Peach Blossoms (Doll’s Festival), 137

Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, 160n1

feudalism, 3

Field Museum of Natural History, 267

Fife, Mrs. Robert H., 318, 320, 348n6, 351n6

Fifteen Lectures on Showa Japan, Road to the Pacific War in Recent Historiography (Kiyotada), 506n3, 580, 593n12

Finley, John Huston, 225

first ladies, U.S., 392–93n21

First National Bank, 188

Fisher, Tony, 478, 481

Fishing Boat on a Dark Night (Buson), 158

Flame of Peace, 416

Fleisher, Benjamin W., 504n1

Fleisher, Mrs. B. W., 342n4, 346n5

Foch, Marshal, 262

Fock, D., 306n6

Fontainebleau Palace, 450

Forbes, W. Cameron, 397

Force, Mrs. R. C., 352n6

Ford, Alexander Hume, 304n6, 306n6, 309n7

Foster, Charles H., 546n1

Foster, John W., 61n7

Four Counties Garden Club, PA, 349n6

Four-Power Pacific Pact, 295

Four-Power Treaty, 75–77

Franca, Jose de Francisco de Horta Machado de, 80

France-Japan House, Tokyo, 570, 591n5

Franco, Afranio De Mello, 62n7

Frasconi, Antonio, 599n24

Frazar, E. W., 240, 241, 484n5

freedom of the press, 174–180

Freer Gallery of Art, 359, 382n3

French Consulate in Tokyo, 570

French-Japanese friendship, 570

Friendship Dolls, 137

Fuji, Chief Judge, 501

Fujita, Heitaro, 342n4

Fujita, Hisanori, 475

Fujiyama, Raita, 314, 342n4

Fujiye, N., 214n2

Fukui, Genjiro, 216n5

Fukui, Kikusaburo, 162n5, 163n6, 342n4

Fukui, Mrs. Kikusaburo, 342n4

Fukushima, Mrs. Kisaji, 341n4, 346n5

funeral service for Junnosuke Inouye, 498

 

Gallagher, Mrs. J. O., 352n6

Gallinger, Jacob Harold, 29, 30, 372

Games of the XII Olympiad, 408

garden, owned by Baron Iwasaki, 327

Garden Club of America (GCA)

additional history about, 353n7

commemorative books, 333, 336

delegates and their companions list, 348–353n6

Farewell Dinner, Kyoto, 326

General Committee members photo, 330–32

gift to Japan, 378

group photo individuals list, 339–343n4

leadership positions in the General Committee for Reception, 343n5

musical pieces, America-Japan Dinner, 337n2

Nijo Palace visit, 325

Photographic Diary, 317–332, 336, 337n1, 354–56n8

reception for visitors, 318

schedule of activities for delegates, 322–23

visit to Japan, 314–356

Yagi’s garden visit, 324

Garden Club of Oranges, East Orange, NJ, 351n6

Garden of Peace, Japan-British Exhibition, 36

gardens, Japanese

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

University of British Columbia, 574–78

Garrels, Mrs. Arthur, 342n4, 346n5

Garrett, John W., 80

Geddes, Aukland, 89

Gehrig, Lou, 405

gender equality, 126

General Gordon, USS, 540–41

GEO (Global Educational Outreach), 173

George, Lloyd, 449

George V (King of England), 22, 238, 250, 448

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 434

Gigaku Mask, 152

Glessner, Mrs. J. G. M., 353n6

global economic depression, 230, 280, 294, 404, 441, 576

Godley, Mr. and Mrs. George McM., 352n6

Golden Gate International Exposition (1939), 412, 419

goodwill educational tour, 579

Gordon, Anna, 87

Grant, Ulysses S., 104–14

Grant Pine, 112

Grant’s Tour Around the World (Packard), 109–10

Grayson, Cary T., 528

Great Depression, 166, 250, 286, 300, 304n4

Great Falls Tribune(newspaper), 546n2

Great Kanto Earthquake, 119, 142, 437n1, 456–59, 483n3

Great White Fleet 25, 216n4

Greenwich Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Grew, Joseph Clark

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 423

art exhibition assistance, 144

commemorative book, Garden Club, 333

Exhibition Advisory Committee, 162n5

feelings and compassion for Japan, 432–33

Garden Club gift reception, 378

Garden Club members photo, 330–32, 342n4

Garden Club patron, 343n5

Garden Club reception, 318

Helen Keller banquet, 130

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

International Red Cross Congress delegate, 519

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

New York World’s Fair, 414, 416

Panay Incident, 428–432

personal history in Japan, 424–28

photo with Edith Roosevelt, 427

photo with wife, Alice, 425

relationship with Tokugawa, 421–433

Royal Couple reception, 250

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

toast, America-Japan Society dinner, 320

Grew, Mrs. Joseph Clark, 318, 333, 334, 342n4, 343n5, 425, 427

Griffith, Josephine, 351n6

Griffith, Mr. and Mrs. G. M., 351n6

Guardian, The (newspaper), 452

Gulick, Sidney, 139, 160n1

 

Hafford, Lida, 87

Hagiwara, Mrs. Junko, 346n5

Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia), 528

Hairenik Weekly (magazine), 218n9

Hale, Eugene, 29, 372

Hamaguchi, Osachi, 506n3

Hamarikyu Palace, 112

hanami (cherry-tree viewing parties), 362, 380n1

hanging scrolls, 16, 18n1, 155, 210

Hanihara, Masanao, 95

Hanyok, Robert J., 537–39

Hara, Hani, 72, 510

Hara, Rinnosuke, 214n2

Hara, Ryuta, 213n2

Hara, T., 63n10

Haraguchi, Mrs. Takeo, 341n4, 347n5

Harding, Warren G., 68, 73, 81, 87, 88, 93

Harper (civilian volunteer), 458

Harris, H.T.B., 30

Harris, Paul P., 229, 237, 238, 240, 247

Harris, Townsend, 104, 135n1, 176, 184, 225, 414

Harris Treaty, 135n1, 184

Hartford Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Harvard University, 146–159, 267

Hasegawa, Manjiro, 589n1

Hashimoto, Kansetsu, 163n6

Hashimoto, Kwansetsu, 154

Hatch, Mrs. Roger Conant, 349n6

Hawaiian Star (newspaper), 215n2

Hawkinson, Lily Oyzelle, 99n1

Hayakawa, S., 64n10

Hayashi, Kiroku, 72, 130

headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, 528

Hearn, Lafcadio, 132

Hearst, William Randolph, 298–300, 311n9

Heifetz, Jascha, 132, 142–43

Heiman, Suzette, 182n4

Heine, Wilhelm, 4

Hencken, Mr. and Mrs. William F., 350n6

Herald-Palladium (newspaper), 124

Herring, H.J., 95

Hibaya Park, 88

Hibiya, Heizayemon, 213n2

Hibiya Public Hall, Tokyo, 131

Hickey, Joe, 458

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 380n1

Hill, James Jerome, 190

Hindenburg, Paul von, 252

Hiraga, Jun, 115

Hirao, Mrs. Taro, 341n4, 347n5

Hirobumi, Ito, 21

Hirohito (Emperor of Japan)

death threats towards, 503

Dern visit to, 311n8

Enthronement, 463, 486–492

George V (King of England) and, 448-449

Grew and, 424

Keller meeting, 130

lineage of, 38

Lloyd George and, 449

MacArthur and, 474–75

mentorship of, 9, 439–453

Nagako and, 453

photo (1902), 443

photo in ceremonial robes, 487

Taisho and, 444

Tokugawa and, 289, 568

visits the Vatican, and is later thanked by a representative of the Pope Benedict XV, 446

visits with Prince of Italy Umberto II and with the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III, 446

visits Egypt, Sphinx, Pyramid of Giza, 447-448

1921-1922 travels: The Crown Prince’s European Tour by Count Yoshinori Futara & Setsuzo Sawada, 448

Hirohito, Japan’s Compassionate Emperor (Isamu), 506n3

Hirooka, Yaye, 340n4, 346n5

Hiroshima Peace Memorial, 588, 600–605n25

Hirota, Koki, 310–11n8, 414

Hisamatsu, Sen-ichi, 589n1

History of the Pan-Pacific Union, A (Hawkinson), 99n1

Hitchcock, Frank Harris, 30, 372

Hitler, Adolf, 252, 434, 509, 521

Hitotsubashi University, 188

Holbrook, Mr. and Mrs. Gerlad, 354n8

Holland Olympic Summer Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Holland Tunnel, 31, 370

Holocaust, 537–39, 549n7

Honolulu Garden Club, HI, 350n6

Honolulu Star-Bulletin (newspaper), 121, 245, 303n2, 312n11, 484n5

Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Southern California, 165

Honorary Presidents of the Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

Hooker, Adelaide F., 350n6

Hooker, Helen H., 350n6

Hooker, Mrs. Elon H., 350n6

Hoopes, Mrs. MacMillan, 353n6

Hoover, Herbert, 242, 250, 259, 274, 275, 276, 424

Hoover, Lou Henry, 259

Horikoshi, Zenjuro, 214n2

Horinouchi, Kensuke, 342n4, 344n5

Horinouchi, Mrs. Kensuke, 342n4, 345n5

Hornbeck, Stanley K., 286

Horses in a Field (Buson), 159

Hosaka, Junji, 163n6

Hosokawa, Moritatsu, 162n5, 163n6

Houghton, Mrs. Clement, 348n6

House of Peers, 91, 121, 508, 529, 572

Houston, Herbert S., 414

Houston Garden Club, TX, 350n6

Howard, Egme, 274

Howe, Mrs. George, 352n6

Hughes, Charles Evans

biographical note, 100n2

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Pan-Pacific Union and, 306n6

Washington Naval Conference and, 68–69, 80, 89, 95

Hull, Cordell and Mrs., 288

Hume, Mr. and Mrs. George E., 351n6

Huntington Wilson, Francis Mairs, 30, 372

 

Ichikawa, Beian, 157

Ichioka, Yuji, 127

Iida, J., 42

Ikeda, Seihin, 163n6

Ikematsu, Tokikazu, 347n5

Illustrated Catalogue of a Special Loan Exhibition of Art Treasures from Japan, 146–159, 161n4

ILO (International Labor Organization), 310n8

Imai, Gosuke, 343n4

Imamura, Mrs. Sakio, 347n5

Imamura, Sakio, 344n5

Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

America-Japan Society Dinner, 319

American All-Stars gathering, 406

Jascha Heifetz’ tour, 143

Lincoln Essay Contest, 115

luncheon honoring Mashbir, 468

postcard photo, 483n3

temporary American embassy, 456, 483n3

Imperial Household, 159, 163n6

Imperial Japanese Army, 500

Imperial Japanese Navy, 500

Imperial Regalia of Japan, 486

Inahata, Mrs. Jiro, 347n5

Independence Hall, 262

Independent (journal), 384n11

Inoue, Nissio, 501

Inoue, Saburo, 163n6

Inoue, Tatsukuro, 163n6

Inouye, Junnosuke, 490, 497, 501, 505n2

Inouye, K., 99n1

Inouye, Katsunosuke, 58n3, 382n4

Inouye, Mrs. Shin, 346n5

Inouye, Tadashiro, 468

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

Institute of World Affairs, 166

international arms limitation. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

International Conference on Social Work (1936), 301

international cooperation, 272–77

International Famine Relief, 89

international friendship, 141, 165, 581

international gala events, 412–19

International Labor Organization (ILO), 310n8

International Near East Relief Association, 217n8

International Olympic Committee, 408, 420n3, 569

International Red Cross Conference, 507, 519–521, 523

International Red Cross Refugee Committee, 547n4

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

International Student Exchange Programs, 571

international trade, 280, 294, 304n5, 309n8, 576

Interpretation of the Life of Viscount Shibusawa, An (Obata), 213n1, 218n12

Introduction and Eulogy for Viscount Shibusawa from Tokugawa, 211

Inukai, Tsuyoshi, 63n10, 500

invitations, 463–66

Isamu, Kanaji, 506n3

Ise, Den-ichi, 163n6

Ishibashi, Tamenosuke, 214n2

Ishihara, Zensaburo, 342n4, 344n5

Ishiwara, George, 574, 577

isolationist movement, 435

Issei (first Japanese immigrants), 127–28

Ito, Jirozaemon, 342n4

Ito, Morimatsu, 213n2

Iwahara, Kenzo, 194, 213n2

Iwahara, Taku, 409

Iwahashi, Takeo, 129

Iwamoto, Yoinosuke, 214n2

Iwasaki, Koyata, 163n6, 327

I Was an American Spy (Mashbir), 455, 483n2, 533–34

Iwashita, K. T., 59n6

Iwaya, S., 214n2

Iyenaga, Toyokichi, 219n13, 227

 

Jacquinot A Forgotten Hero (film), 548n5

Jacquinot de Besange, Robert, 547n4

Jacquinot Safe Zone Wartime Refugees in Shanghai (Ristaino), 521–22

James River Garden Club, VA, 350n6

Janklowicz-Mann, Dana, 524

Japan-America Society, 580, 595n15

Japan-British Exhibition, 386n14, 391n17

Japan Committee of the International Conference on Social Work, 301, 313n12

Japanese (Inter-Allied) WWI Victory Medal, 43

Japanese Advertiser (newspaper), 490, 504n1

Japanese Amateur Athletic Federation, 410

Japanese American National Museum, 582, 599n22

Japanese-Americans, 384n11

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese and the Jews, The (Kane), 511–15, 550–54n8

Japanese Art, 144–159

Japanese baseball card, 406

Japanese-British Exhibition, 35–37, 59n5, 373, 388n16

Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 188

Japanese Children’s Home (aka Shonien), 133

Japanese-Chinese conflict, 517, 521, 533–34

Japanese delegations, 386n14, 388n16

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

illustration of (1872), 107

Japanese-British Exhibition (1910), 59n5

list of, 195–96

London Naval Conference, 275

Japanese Diet Declaration (1938), 508, 536–38

Japanese Embassy, in the U.S. 5–6, 18n2, 365

Japanese Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese gardens

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

Japanese Government Railways, 408

Japanese Olympic Committee, 408

Japanese Olympics Committee, 569

Japanese Parliament, 68

Japanese Red Cross Hospital, 57

Japanese Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Japanese Red Cross Society

assistance to Ethiopia, 527–28

assistance to Russia, 283

brochures, 518, 554–560n9

continuation of, 567

efforts to assist Allies during WWI, 53–54

headquarters, 528

International Red Cross Society, 507

Shibusawa and, 188

Tokugawa and, 92, 507, 516–521

Japanese-Russian relations, 295

Japanese Women’s Betterment Association, 86

Japanese Women’s Peace Movement, 86–87

Japanese WWI Victory Medal, 42

Japan Foundation, 564, 590n2

Japan Institute, 128

Japan Society, 32, 295, 370, 596n16

Japan Society newsletter, 527–28

Japan Society of New York, 278

Japan Society publication, Tokugawa’s speech to Lindberghs, 398–401

Japan Society’s Annual Dinner (1934), 32–33, 290–93

Jeanes, Mrs. Henry S., 350n6

Jenkins, Ralph, 546n1

“Jewish Question,” 509

Jewish refugees, 507–8, 525, 536, 540–41, 544–45, 547n4

Jews, 299, 507–15, 521, 525, 536, 538, 547n4

Jingye Asylum, 542

Jito (Empress of Japan), 380n1

Joan Kroc Institute of Peace and Justice, 579–580, 593n13, 594n13

John Paul Jones Memorial, 393n21

Johnson, Lady Bird, 392n21

Johnson, Mrs. Homer H., 352n6

Johnston, Mary E., 353n6

Joint Committee of Disaster Relief of Shanghai Charity Groups, 542

joint stocks, 188

journalism education, 181n3

Joya, Mock, 380n1

J-School. See Missouri School of Journalism

judo, 409, 420n3

Jusserand, Jules, 89

 

Kabayama, A., 341n4

Kabayama, Aisuke, 275, 341n4

Kabayama, Ayske, 162n5, 589n1

Kadono, Mrs. Chokiuro, 342n4, 345n5

Kadono, Tominosuke, 214n2

Kagami, Takeo, 344n5

Kagawa, Toyoshiko, 173

Kageyania, K., 53

Kahn, Otto, 142, 161n3

Kai-shek, Chiang, 209

Kaishu, Katsu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

Emperor Meiji and, 38

escort of Iemochi delegation, 6–7, 18n2

Hirohito and, 443

military influence on Tokugawa, 34

National Diet Library, 20n3

photo (c1890), 9

photo with Tokugawa (c1897), 13

portrait (c1860), 6

Red Cross delegation, 53

Tokugawa and, 9

Kakinuma, T., 64n10

Kamenosuke. See Tokugawa, Iyesato

Kanawha Garden Club, Charleston, WV, 350n6

Kanda, Naibu, 194, 213n2

Kane, Joseph Nathan, 511–15, 550–54n8

Kaneko, Kentaro, 87, 162n5, 215n4, 289, 595n14

Kanemitsu, Tsuneo, 163n6

Kan-in (prince), 440

Kanno, Kinnosuke, 213n2

Kano, Jigorō, 409, 420n3

Kanrin Maru warship, 6–7, 18n2

Kasumigaseki Detached Palace, Tokyo, 318

Kato, Kyohei, 343n4

Kato, Takaaki, 63n10

Kato, Tomosaburo, 69–72, 87, 95, 509, 510

Katsuda, Tetsu, 347n5

Katsura, Taro, 134, 566

Katsuta, Tetsu, 342n4

Katz Awa. See Kaishu, Katsu

Katz Awa “The Bismarck of Japan” or the Story of a Noble Life (Clark), 13–14

Kawada, Taka, 185

Kawai, Yahachi, 484n5

Kawasaki, Y., 63n10

Kawashima, Yoshiyuki, 311n8

Kazama, Mrs. Shichiei, 328, 347n5

KBS (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai). See Society for International Cultural Relations

Kean, John, 29, 372

Keaton, Buster, 266

Keiki. See Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

Keith, Mrs. Joseph L., 353n6

Keller, Helen, 129–133, 136n5, 428

Kellogg, Frank, 274

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 273–74, 278, 303n1

Kempei Tai, A History of the Japanese Secret Service (Deacon), 495

kendo, 420n3

Kenilworth Garden Club, IL, 350n6

Keresit, Jacques, 248n2

Kikkawa, Motomitsu, 163n6

Kikuchi, Miya Sannomiya, 126–28, 135n4

Kikusawa, Suyemaro, 344n5

Kimura, A., 175, 236

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 120

King, W. L. MacKenzie, 306n6

Kingsley, Darwin P., 489–492

Kinoshita, Michio, 344n5

Kiyoo, Kawamura, 12

Kiyooka, Eiichi, 342n4

Kiyooka, Mrs. Eiichi, 347n5

Kiyose (representative of the Asahi newspaper), 388n16

Kiyotada, Tsutsui, 506n3, 593n12

Kiyotaka, Count Kuroda, 21

Kiyozumi Park, Tokyo, 334, 378

KleinSmid, Rufus Bernhard von, 166, 571

Knox, Philander Chase

1910 dinner event, 30

cherry blossom tree gift, 366

event honoring Emperor Meiji, 38

Pershing and, 38–39

portrait (c1910), 30

Sherman luncheon, 29

Shibusawa mission, 198

Tokugawa and, 372, 387n16

Kobayashi, Ichizo, 158, 163n6

Kobayashi, Mrs. Nobuko, 328, 347n5

Kodama, Kazuo, 482

Koiki, Kunizo, 214n2

Koizumi, Shinzo, 589n1

Kokusai Bunka (journal), 564

Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (Society for International Cultural Relations), 128, 144, 327, 564

Komai, Taku, 328, 347n5

Komatsu, Mrs. Takashi, 341n4, 346n5

Komatsu, Takashi, 144, 162n5, 344n5, 345n5

Komei (Emperor of Japan), 6

Komoriya, Chicuko, 115

Komura, Jutaro, 64n11

Komuro, Mrs. Mieko, 346n5

Kondo, Baron, 64n10

Konoe, Fumimaro. See Konoye, Fumimaro

Konoye (princess), 343n5

Konoye, Atsumaro, 92

Konoye, Fumimaro

Diet opening in Tokyo (1934), 531–32

essay contest judge, 589n1

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Garden Club patron, 343n5

House of Peers president, 529–533

international relations promotion with son, 535

“Prince at Princeton” article, 548n6

targeted by extremists, 493

Konoye, Fumitaka, 535

Konoye, Hiro, 239

Konoye, Hiroko, 592n6

Korostovetz, Ivan Yakovlevich, 64n11

Kosaka, Kris, 102n7

Kristallnacht, 536

Kroda, Kiyoshi, 589n1

Kumagaye, Taizo, 214n2

Kun, Tsao, 306n6

Kuninomiya family, 477

Kurihama landing, 4

Kuriyama, Mrs. Shigeru, 342n4, 346n5

Kuroda, Kiyoshi, 63n10, 162n5, 343n4, 345n5

Kurusu, Jaye, 341n4, 347n5

Kurusu, Mrs. Saburo, 342n4, 346n5

Kusanagi (sword), 486

Kushida, Manzo, 64n10, 343n4, 490, 505n2

Kuwaki, Ayao, 589n1

Kyoto Imperial University, 159, 163n6

 

LaBoiteaux, Mrs. Isaac, 350n6

Ladies Committee, Garden Club, 345n5

Ladies’ Committee in Kyoto, 328, 347n5

La Guardia, Fiorello, 416

Lansdale, Mrs. Philip, 353n6

Lansing, Robert, 203

Lapham, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., 349n6

Lasker, Bruno, 304n4

Last Refuge: The Story of Jewish Refugees in Shanghai (film), 547n5

Lawrence of Arabia, 448

League of Blood, 496, 499–500, 505, 505n2

League of Nations, 73, 281, 424

League of Nations Association of Japan, 211, 239, 294

League of Red Cross Societies, 54, 517

Leavenworth Weekly Times (newspaper), 384n6

Lee, Arthur (Lord of Fareham), 89

Lee, Chin-Chuan, 181n3

lenders of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Lenox Garden Club, New York, NY, 350n6

letter from President Harding, Washington Naval Conference, 82

Lewiston Daily Sun Journal (newspaper), 263

Liberty Bell, 262

Life and Adventure in Japan (Clark), 20n4

Lighthouse organization, 129

Ligne, Albert de, 274

Lincoln, Abraham, 104–8, 120, 587

Lincoln Centennial Association, 117

Lincoln Essay Contests, 115–120, 587

Lincoln Financial Foundation, Sumiko Tokuda Collection, 119

Lincoln Memorial, 587

Lindbergh, Anne, 395–403

Lindbergh, Charles A., 394–403

lion sculptures, 177–180

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 29, 89, 372

Loehr, Gustave E., 229

London Economic Conference, 304n5

London House of Parliament (color lithograph), 565, 590n3

London Naval Conference, 251, 275, 423, 466

London Naval Treaty, 230

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 267

Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 27, 358, 381n3

Los Angeles Examiner (newspaper), 430

Los Angeles Herald (newspaper), 215n2

Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 103n9, 299

Lothrop, Mrs. W. S. H., 351n6

Lowe, Mrs. Herbert, 349n6

Lowell, Lawrence, 267

Lunete (river park), 363

 

MacArthur, Douglas, 288, 471–75

Machida, Tokunosuke, 214n2

Mack, Connie, 406

Mackay, Clarence H., 217n7

MacKenzie, N A. M. (Norman), 574, 577–78

Mackey, Harry A., 262

MacMaster, William, 194

MacVeagh, Charles, 99n1, 115, 138, 184

MacWhite, Michael, 274

Madison Square Garden, 32

Maeda, Toshitame, 163n6

Maeyama, Hisakichi, 163n6

Maki, Mrs. Kaoru, 341n4, 347n5

Makino, Nobuaki, 496

Makita, Tamaki, 163n6

Manjiro, John, 18n2

Mann, Amir, 524

Mano, B., 236

Maple Club, Tokyo, 402

Marchienne, Emile de Cartier de, 80

Mardis, J.C., 94

Martin, Mrs. J. Willis, 353n7

Martin, T. M., 458

Martino, Goacomo De, 274

Marvin, Dwight Edwards, 244, 248n2

Masaoki, Shinmi, 18n2

Mashbir, Donald, 483n2, 485n6

Mashbir, Sidney Forrester, 454–482

Allied surrender documents signing, 473

Exchange Club photo, 481

group photo (1937), 484n5

I Was an American Spy autobiography, 483n2, 484n4, 533–34

Jewish heritage, 545

keepsakes, 459–466

luncheon honoring (1937), 468

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 309n7

personal papers discovery, 439

photo (1923), 454

Rotary member, 246

Royal Couple greeting, 250

secret private meetings, MacArthur and Hirohito, 475

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456

Massey, W. F., 306n6

mass media, American, 298–300

Masuda, Meiroku, 114

Masuda, Takashi, 163n6

Matsubara, Yuriko, 341n4, 347n5

Matsuda, Genji, 318

Matsudaira, Mrs. Tsuneo, 179

Matsudaira, Raijyu, 529

Matsudaira, Tsunao, 72, 160n2

Matsudaira, Tsuneo, 141, 176, 179

Matsugata, Masayoshi, 58n3, 194, 382n4

Matsukata, Kojiro, 213n2

Matsukata, Mrs. Shokuma, 346n5

Matsukata, Shosaku, 164n6

Matsumiya, Mrs. Kazuya, 342n4, 347n5

Matsumura, Toshio, 214n2

Matsunaga, Yasuzaemon, 155, 164n6

Matsuura, Chinjiro, 138

Matsuyama, C., 63n10

Maus, Marion Perry, 194

Mayer, Louis B., 265

Mayer, Mrs. Louis B., 265

Mayer, Warren, 182n4

Mayezawa, N., 484n5

Mayflower, USS, 24

Mayflower Hotel, Washington DC, 288, 463, 464

Mazaki, Jinzaburo, 311n8

McArthur, Clifton, 194

McArthur, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

McCollum, A.H., 458

McCormac, Mrs. H.B., 353n6

McDowell, Mrs. William F., 87

McIntosh, Burr, 382n3

McIntyre, Marvin H., 286

McMillan, Mrs. J. William, 349n6

McNaughton, Mrs. Lynn, 354n8

McReynolds, Sam D., 286

media relations, 63n8, 298–300

medical care, 134, 566

Meiji (Emperor of Japan)

death of, 38, 374

Grant meeting, 112–13

Kaishu and, 9

mask gift, 152

medical care and, 134, 566

Meiji Restoration, 1–8, 187

photo (c1894), 9

Shibusawa and, 188

Washington and, 87

Meiji Constitution, 21

Meiji Restoration (1868), 1–8, 187

Meiji Shrine, 427

Memorial Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 83

Memphis Garden Club, TX, 350n6

merchant class, 3

Metcalf, Mrs. Frederick, 352n6

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. See MGM Studios

Mexican American War, 56

MGM Studios, 265–66, 298–300, 311n9

Michigan Garden Club, MI, 350n6

Michizane, Sugawara, 156

Middleton Garden Club, CT, 351n6

Midzuno, Kokichi, 32, 58n1, 213n2, 360, 370

Mihara, Mrs. Shigekichi, 346n5

Mihara, Shigekichi, 164n6, 342n4, 344n5, 589n1

militants

arms limitation and, 74

China expansion, 434

Kaishu and, 15

Nazi alliance, 521

Olympic bid and, 410–12

Panay Incident, 428

Tokugawa against, 517

Tokugawa and, 283

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24

Tripartite Pact, 435

violence, 486–501

Washington Naval Conference and, 100n3

Millbrook Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Million Dollar Train, 190

Milton Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Minami, Takajiro, 213n2

Minnesota (ship), 189

Miroku Bosatsu sculpture, 154

Mishima, Mrs. Hajime, 341n4, 346n5

Missouri, USS, 473

Missouri model of journalism education, 181n3

Missouri School of Journalism, 174–180

Mitchell, Edward A., 546n1

Mito Tokugawa family, 597n19

Mitsubishi Bank, 505n2

Mitsui, Mrs. Benzo, 341n4, 346n5

Mitsui, Mrs. Takaatsu, 342n4, 347n5

Mitsui Financial Group, 499, 505

Miura, Hajime, 341n4

Miwa, Mrs. Zembei, 341n4

Miwa, Zembei, 341n4

Miya, Mataichi, 342n4, 345n5

Miyaga, Michio, 131

Miyajima, Mikinosuke, 589n1

Miyaoka, Mrs. Tsunejiro, 341n4, 346n5

Mizoguchi, Munchiko, 162n5

Mizoguchi, Teijiro, 164n6

Mizuno, Kokichi, 32, 370

Mizuno, Mrs. Kyosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Mizuno, Toshikata, 259

Monadnock Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

Money, Hernando, 29, 372

Montague, Mrs. Gilbert, 351n6

Morgan, Mrs. James F., 350n6

Morgan, Mrs. Randal, 353n6

Morgenthau, Henry, 204

Mori, Kanosuke, 577–78

Morimura, Baroness Ichizaemon, 346n5

Morimura, Ichizaemon, 344n5

Morinja, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

Morris, Roland S., 293

Moss, Robert F., 458, 484n5

Motley, Mrs. George, 352n6

Motono, Ichiro, 63n10

Mt. Desert Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Mt Sterling Advocate (newspaper), 384n10

Mt. Vernon, VA, 267, 371, 387n16

Mukojima Park, 362, 383n5

Muller, Mrs. J., 347n5

Murakoshi, Kuniyasu, 321

Murayama, Nagataka, 164n6

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 144, 582, 598n21

music, Tokugawa’s passion for, 142

musical pieces performed, America-Japan Dinner event (1935), 337n2

Mussolini, Benito, 434, 528

Muto, Kinta, 164n6

 

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 220

Nagai, Asako, 341n4, 347n5

Nagai, Matsuzo, 589n1

Nagai, Mrs. Matsuzo, 342n4, 346n5

Nagai, Setsuko, 340n4, 347n5

Nagako, Empress, 130, 440–41, 453, 476–78, 520

Nagako Empress of Japan (Koyama), 476–78

Nagashima, Yoshiharu, 344n5

Nagata, Hidejiro, 397, 403

Nagel, Charles, 30, 372

Nagoya Castle, 407

Nagoya Museum of Fine Arts, 582, 598n21

Naito, Y., 53

NAJAS (National Association of Japan-America Societies), 595n15

Nakabashi, Tokugoro, 213n2

Nakamura, Teru, 342n4

Nakamura, Teruko, 347n5

Nakanishi, Rokusaburo, 68

Nakano, Buei, 63n10, 194, 213n2

Nassau Weekly (newspaper), 548n6

National Aspirations speech, 231–36

National Association of Japan-America Societies (NAJAS), 595n15

National Cherry Blossom Festival, 374, 379, 392n21

National Conference of State Societies’ Princess Program, 392n21

National Council of Churches, 160n1

National Diet Library, 20n3

National Security Agency (NSA) publication, 536

National Student Committee for the Limitation of Armaments, 93–95

National Tribune (newspaper), 384n7

Navohoff, 64n11

Nazi Germany, 434, 521, 525

Nedzu, Kaichiro, 213n2

Neill, John W., 574, 577–78

Netherlands, Olympic Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Neville, Edwin L., 311n8

Neville, Mrs. Edwin L., 342n4, 346n5

New Canaan Garden Club, CT, 351n6

New Deal Administration, 286

Newport Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

New Republic (magazine), 226

Newsom, M. Eugene, 240

New York Daily Tribune (newspaper), 26, 31, 367–69

New York Times (newspaper)

Columbia University visit, Tokugawa, 167

Dern and U.S.-Japan relations, 311n8

dinner honoring Tokugawa by Saito, 288

Garden Club gift to Japan, 334

Hirota meeting Roosevelt in Hawaii, 310n8

Hughes article, 100n2

international trade, Japan, 309n8

invitation to Roosevelt to visit Japan, 287

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japan Society dinner, 293–94

Japan’s Olympics bid (1940), 410

Keller article, 130, 136n5

Lawrenceville, NJ visit, 530

Lindberghs’ reception, 396

luncheon given by Roosevelt for Tokugawa, 392n20

New York City visit, Tokugawa, 278–79

New York World’s Fair, 414

Nippon Club luncheon, 287–88

Oshima and Olympics, 410

photo, Tokugawa addressing Rotarian Convention, 231

Roosevelt luncheon for Tokugawa, 288

Roosevelt on Japan in WWI, 55

Taft on U.S.-Japan relations, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and extremists, 493

Tokugawa arrival (1910), 442

Tokugawa’s death, 563

Tokugawa’s health, 562

Tokugawa’s radio address, 281–83

Washington Naval Conference, 70, 101n4

Wilson meets Shibusawa article, 203

New York Tribune (newspaper), 59n5, 386n14

New York World’s Fair (1939), 412

Nezu, Kaichiro, 153, 156, 164n6

Niagara, USS, 20n2

Nichibei Shimbun (newspaper), 127

Nicholas, Elizabeth, 352n6

Nicholas II (Emperor of Russia), 24

Nichols, Mrs. Joseph Longworth, 353n6

Niiro, Chunosuke, 164n6

Niiya, Brian, 128, 135n3

Nijo Palace, Kyoto, 325

Ninagawa, Arata, 53, 54–55

Nippon Club, 217n5, 287–88

Nippon Youth Assembly Hall, 137

Nishi, Mrs. Haruhiko, 342n4, 346n5

Nishida, Mrs. Ikutaro, 328, 347n5

Nishida, Rihachi, 347n5

Nishiike, Naruyoshi, 214n2

Nishimura, Ayako, 341n4, 347n5

Nishimura, Jihei, 213n2

Nishimura, Mrs. Kiyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Nishimura, Shotaro, 216n5

Nishiwaki, Kenji, 164n6

Nitobe, Inazo, 280–81, 574–78, 593n10

Nixon, Richard, 545

Noanett Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Nobel Peace Prize, 34, 62n7, 66n11, 209

Nomura, Kichisaburō, 421

Nomura, Mrs. Yozo, 341n4

Nomura, Yozo, 345n5

Norimasa, Muragaki, 18n2

North Shore Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

North to the Orient (A. Lindbergh), 403

NSA (National Security Agency) publication, 536

Numano, Y., 213n2

 

Oakland Tribune (newspaper), 520

Obama, Barack, 587–88, 600–605n25

Obama, Michelle, 393n21

Obata, Kyugoro, 213n1, 218n12

obituary announcement, Tokugawa, 590n4

O’Brien, Thomas J., 58n3, 382n4

Office of Public Buildings and Grounds (OPBG), 362–64

Official Welcoming Ceremony for American Friendship Dolls, 137–141

Ogden Standard (newspaper), 215n2

Ohama, Mrs. Tadakazu, 347n5

Ohashi, S., 64n10

Ohashi, Shintaro, 164n6

Ohtani, Kahei, 213n2

Oiwa, Isao, 342n4

Oiwa, Mrs. Isao, 342n4

Okabe, Nagakage, 341n4, 344n5, 589n1

Okabe, Viscountess Nagakage, 346n5

Okada, Ken-ichi, 318, 344n5

Okada, Ryuichi, 343n4

Okahashi, Jisuke, 164n6

Okamoto, Mrs. Suemasa, 341n4, 346n5

Okazaki , Masaya, 164n6

Okura, Kishichiro, 64n10, 164n6

Oliver, John D., 306n6

Olympics

Amsterdam Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Nagano Games (1998), 569

Organizing Committee, 410

Sapporo Games (1972), 569

Tokyo Games (1940), 173, 408–12, 569

Tokyo Games (1964), 569

Onishi, Ichiro, 344n5

Ono, Hideko, 347n5

Ooi, Bokusin, 213n2

Ooka, I., 63n10

OPBG (Office of Public Buildings and Grounds), 362–64

Opening of Japan, 3

Oregon Statesman Journal (newspaper), 311n9

Orlando Sentinel (newspaper), 420n1

Osawa, Mrs. Tokutaro, 328, 347n5

Osawa, Tokutaro, 344n5, 346n5, 347n5

Oshima, Matahiko, 410

Osumi, Mineo, 421

Otani, K., 63n10

Otchiai, Kentaro, 64n11

Otsuka, Tsunekichi, 347n5

Outlook, The (magazine), 91–92

overpopulation, 438n6

Owen, Sydney, 215n3

Oyama, Iwao, 58n3, 382n4

Ozaki, Shinaye, 341n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yei Theodora, 373, 391n18

Ozaki, Yukika, 340n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yukio, 26, 32, 100n3, 367–370, 373, 385n12

Ozawa, K., 300

 

Pacific Conference, 304n4

Packard, J.F., 108

Pageant of the Ages performance, 326

Palmer, Frederick, 58n2, 381n2

Panama Railway, 19

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference, 168–173

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 287, 304n6

Pan-Pacific University, 245

Paris World Exposition (1867), 187

Park, Maude Wood, 87

Parliament of Great Britain, 565

Parsell, Diana, 383n5

Pasadena Garden Club, Pasadena, CA, 351n6

Paul, Mrs. Theodore S., 351n6

Payne, John Barton, 286, 507, 519, 520, 546n1

Payne, Sereno E., 30, 372

Pearce, G.F., 89

Pearl Harbor, 56, 424, 436

Pendleton, Ellen Fitz, 267

Pennsylvania Avenue, 260, 389

Pepper, Mrs. Franklin, 351n6

Perkins, George Walbridge, 217n7

Perry, James DeWolf, 4, 293

Perry, Matthew C., 3–4, 334, 424

Perry, Matthew C. 3, 100n3

Perry, Oliver Hazard, 334, 424

Pershing, John Joseph, 38–39, 374

Phelps, Eleanor, 94

Philadelphia Garden Club, PA, 351n6

Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), 63n9, 270n3

Phillips, William, 286

Phoenix image, 504n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan, at the Invitation of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, May 13 to June, 1935, 317–332, 337n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan at the Invitation of His Excellency Shigeru Yoshida May 10th to May 23rd 1961, 336, 354n8, 355–56n8

Piedmont Garden Club, Piedmont, CA, 352n6

Pierre hotel, 278, 303n3

Piscataqua Garden Club, MI, 351n6

Pittman, Key, 286

Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, 33, 372

Pittsburgh Press (newspaper), 59n6

Place to Save Your Life, A (film), 548n5

Plancon, Georges, 64n11

Platt, Mrs. Charles III, 351n6

Poincare, Raymond, 22

politics, American, 27, 371

Pond, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel, 353n6

Population Connection, 438n6

population stabilization, 438n6

Portland Garden Club, Portland, OR, 352n6

Port of Last Resort: Zuflucht in Shanghai (film), 548n5

Portrait of Tokugawa Ieyasu (painting), 18n1

Portsmouth Peace Conference, 87

Potomac Park, 363, 374

Potomac Tidal Basin, 374, 393n21

Powhatan, USS, 19

Presidio military base, 268

Prince at Princeton, A (Costin), 548n6

Pritchett, Henry S., 62n7

Prittwitz, Freiderich von, 274

Privy Seal (Gyoji), 502–3, 506n4

Problems of the Pacific, 1933 economic conflict and control proceedings of the fifth conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations (Lasker and Holland), 304n4

Proclamation of the Japanese Constitution, 21

Proctor, Mrs. William Cooper, 349n6

Prologue magazine, 437n2

Public Broadcasting Service, 143

Putnam, Mrs. Henry St. Clair, 353n6

 

Queen of the 1937 Cherry Blossom Festival, 379

Quezon, Manuel, 288

 

racism, 25, 115, 120, 434, 509

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 281–83, 286, 471, 520, 586

Radio City Music Hall, 282

Rama VI (king of Siam), 306n6

Reception Committee in Kyoto, Garden Club, 347n5

Reception Committee Junior, Garden Club, 346n5

Reception Committee Senior, Garden Club, 346n5

Red Crescent Societies, 517

Red Cross, American, 119, 546n1

Red Cross, Japanese. See Japanese Red Cross Society

Red Cross, worldwide, 89

Red Cross Conference, International, 507

Red Cross Hospital, Japanese, 57

Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Remembering Ulysses S. Grant’s visit to Japan (Chida), 109

Reno Gazette-Journal (newspaper), 303n2

Report on the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Honolulu Japan and China in the Spring of 1935 (Davison), 337n3

Reznikoff, John, 505n2

Richards, Mrs. Theodore W., 546n1

Ridgefield Garden Club, Ridgefield, CT, 352n6

Riegel, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Dewitt, 349n6

Righteous Among Nations Award, 541

Righter, Jane, 350n6

Rike, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H., 349n6

Ristaino, Marcia R., 521, 547n3, 547n4

Roanoke, USS, 19

Robinson, Joseph T., 286

Rochester Garden Club, Rochester, NY, 352n6

Rockefeller Center, 128

Rogers, Mrs. Fred F., 341n4, 346n5

Rogers, Will, 238

Roosevelt, Alice, 27, 358, 381n3

Roosevelt, Edith, 427

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 286

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

good-neighbor policy, 311n8

Hirota meeting in Honolulu, 310n8

International Red Cross Conference, 520

Keller and, 130

Konoye and, 530, 535

opening speech, World’s Fair, 415

portrait, 284

relationship with Tokugawa, 284–88, 360

Tokugawa visit (1934), 286–88, 376

University of Southern California and, 166, 571

World Fair invitations, 414

Roosevelt, Henry L., 288

Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, 288, 376

Roosevelt, Theodore

discrimination in California legislation, 384n11

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

photograph (1909) with his daughter Alice, 37

photograph of, 55

postcard linked to Russo-Japanese War, 24

relationship with Tokugawa, 358

Rotary quote, 237

Russo-Japanese War, 215n4

Shibusawa delegation, 198–202

Statement on Japan in WWI, 55–56

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. (Colonel), 217n7, 287, 376, 427

Root, Elihu, 29, 34, 62n7, 89, 258, 372

Rosen, Roman von, 64n11

Ross, Phyllis Gregory, 574, 593n9

ROTARIAN magazine, 239

Rotary Club of Tokyo, 240

Rotary International, 229–247

25th Anniversary Convention, 229, 242

50th Anniversary Celebration (1955), 246

commemorative stamp, 247, 248n3

Conference (1930), 229–241, 244

Rotary Peace Centers, 247, 248n4

Roth, Almon E., 238

Rothschild, John, 94

Round Eyes in the Middle Kingdom (film), 548n5

Rowe, L.S., 306n6

Royal Geographical Society of London, 590n4

Ruhm, Mrs. Herman, 354n8

Russell, Lindsay, 32, 370

Russell, Mrs. James S., 318, 351n6

Russo-Japanese War, 24, 65n11, 87, 198, 215n4

Ruth, George “Babe,” 405–7

Rye Garden Club, Greenwich, Rye, NY, 352n6

 

‘Safe Zones,’ 507, 519, 521–23, 540–45, 547n4, 586

Sagers, John, 215n3

Sago (Emperor of Japan), 380n1

Saionji (prince), 496

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation, 134, 566

Saito, Hiroshi, 162n5, 275, 288, 310n8, 379, 535

Saito, Masako, 379

Saito, Miyoko, 288

Saito, Mrs. Soichi, 340n4, 346n5

Saito, Sakiko, 379

Sakaguchi, Heibei, 214n2

Sakano, Mrs. Tsuneyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Sakatani, Yoshiro, 63n10, 184, 345n5

Sakonji, Seizo, 275

sakura. See cherry blossoms

Salmond, Sir John, 89

samurai, 3

Sand Hills Garden Club, Augusta, GA, 352n6

San Diego Japanese Friendship Garden, 583, 599n23

San Diego Jewish Journal, Holocaust Remembrance Edition, 545

San Diego World Affairs Council (SDWAC), 579–580, 593n13

San Francisco Call (newspaper), 58n1, 214n2

San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), 215n2

Sankyo Company, Ltd., 216n5

Sarraut, Albert, 89

Sastri, Srinivasa, 89, 546n1

Satake, Sakutaro, 213n2

Sato, I., 42

Sato, Naotake, 64n11

Satow, Mr. and Mrs. Toshito, 266

Savamura, S., 53

Sawada, Mrs. Setsuzo, 341n4, 346n5

Schanzer, Carlo, 80, 546n1

Schiele, Sylvester, 229

Schiff, Jacob Henry, 222

School of International Relations, 166

Schroeder, Seaton, 546n1

Scidmore, Eliza Ruhamah, 362–64, 383n5

Scott, Byron, 178

Scott, Mrs. Arthur Hoyt, 335, 349n6

scroll paintings, 16, 18n1, 155–56, 210

SDWAC (San Diego World Affairs Council), 579–580, 593n13

Seattle Chamber of Commerce, 189, 191

Seattle Garden Club, Seattle, WA, 352n6

Seattle Times (newspaper), 120

secret meetings, 474

Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer (Zacharias), 270n2

Seitz, Don Carlos, 223, 224

Seko, Konosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Seko, Mineko, 341n4, 347n5

Seko, Yasuji, 236

Sellers, Mrs. Howard, 350n6

Sellers, Mrs. William F., 353n6

Senate, Tokugawa visit, 27

Sengoku, Masayuki de, 29, 59n6, 372, 386n15

Sewall, Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland, 350n6

Shaker Lakes Garden Club, Cleveland, OH, 352n6

Shanghai Ghetto (film), 524–25, 548n5

Sharp, Mrs. W. B., 350n6

Shaw, Albert, 223

Sherman, James Schoolcraft, 29, 38, 372, 387n16

Sherry’s Hotel, New York, 199–202

Shibusawa, Baroness, 189

Shibusawa, Eiichi

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition trip photo, 189–191

Armenian Weekly article photo, 204–7

banquet honoring (1915), 219n13

biography, 211, 218n12

Chiang Kai-shek and, 209

Col. Roosevelt luncheon, 217n7

as delegate, 27, 213n2, 360

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Friendship Dolls event, 138

Grant greeting, 108

hanging scroll with calligraphy, 210

Harris and, 229

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Honorary Vice-President of Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

letter from, 208

Memorial Foundation and Museum, 218n11, 581, 597n17

monument built for Grant, 114

photo with Taka Kawada, 185

portrait during Europe tour, 187

portrait photo alongside photo of Tokugawa, 183

relationship with Tokugawa, 34, 183–88

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490

sympathy booklet, 63n10

toast at Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wilson meeting, 203

Shibusawa delegation (1909), 213n2

Shibusawa Memorial Foundation and Museum, 209, 218n11, 581, 597n17

Shidehara, Kijuro

anniversary salutations of Washington Naval Conference, 95

biographical note, 101n5

delegates embarking, 71

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Jewish magazine interview, 515

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490, 505n2

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

Washington Naval Conference, 87

Shidura, Baron (possibly Shidehara), 386n15

Shimada, S., 63n10

Shimanouchi, Henry Toshiro, 128

Shimmura, Izuru, 589n1

Shimoda, S., 63n10

Shimomura, Mrs. Sen, 157, 164n6

Shimpei, Goto, 490, 505n2

Shinjuku Imperial Gardens, 130

Shinto shrine, 2

Shiobara, Matasaku, 216n5

Shiohara, Mrs. Matasaku, 341n4

Shirasu, Mrs. Jiro, 340n4, 346n5

Shitara, H., 59n6

shogun rule, 3–4

Shōhō Kaishō stock company, 188

Shonien (Japanese Children’s Home), 133

Shōnii, Second Honour (ritsuryō rank), 188

Shorey, Hiram E., 229

Showa (Enlightened Peace), 453, 486

Shrewsbury Castle, 251

Shubert-Garrick Theater, 89, 546n1

Shuster, William Morgan, 219n13, 221

Simon, Joseph, 194

Simon, Sir John, 62n7, 565

Sino-Japanese War, 23, 65n11

Smith, Mrs. Benjamin Hodges, 350n6

Snyder, Frederic, 173

Society for International Cultural Relations (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai), 128, 144, 314, 327, 564, 589n1

Soeda, J., 63n10

Sohda, Kinsaku, 213n2

Soldiers of Justice and Right postcard, 44

Southgate, Richard, 259

Southside Garden Club of Long Island, New York, NY, 352n6

Soviet-Chinese Nonaggression Treaty, 434

Soyejima, Michimasa, 409

Spalding, Dora N., 351n6

Spanish-American War, 23, 74, 430

Special Bulletin, America-Japan Society, 118

Spirit of St. Louis, The (monoplane), 394

Spoerri, J. Fuller, 95

Stalin, Joseph, 435

Stars and Stripes magazine, 109

State Seal of Japan (Kokuji), 502–3, 506n4

Stead, William Thomas, 223

Stimson, Henry L., 274

St. Louis Garden Club, St. Louis, MO, 352n6

Stoessinger, John George, 544–45

Stokowski, Leopold, 142

Stone, Jr., Charles B., 268

stone lantern sculpture, 174–180

Stout, Mrs. C. Frederick C., 353n6

Straight, Willard Dickerman, 219n13, 226

Sturges, Mrs. Clarence B., 348n6

Sugi, Eizaburo, 162n5

Sugihara, Chiune, 541, 544–45

Sugita, Tei-Ichi, 58n3, 381n2

Suiheisha Society, 121–25

Sullivan, Ann, 133

Sumitomo, Kichizaemon, 164n6

Sumiyoshi, Kawamura, 442

Summit Garden Club, Summit, NJ, 352n6

Sunday Star (newspaper), 392n19

Suzuki, Mrs. K., 346n5

Suzuki, Shuji, 343n4

Suzuki, Umetaro, 216n5

Suzuki violin learning system, 591n5

Swartley, Mr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Sze, Alfred Saoke, 79, 80

 

table medals, 42

Tacoma Garden Club, Tacoma, WA, 352n6

Tadamasa, Oguri, 18n2

Tadao, Yamakawa, 275

Taft, Helen “Nellie” Herron, 361–64, 374, 392n21

Taft, Henry W., 281, 293

Taft, Mrs. Henry W., 281

Taft, William Howard

Asia voyage photo, 359

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Inauguration photo, 28

photo with Helen Taft, 361

Prince Tokugawa and, 371, 387n16

Red Cross meeting, 546n1

Shibusawa delegation, 190, 198

speaking at diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and, 27

travels as Secretary of War, 358–360, 382n4

Taisho (Emperor of Japan), 22, 24, 38, 289, 444, 486

Tait, David, 458

Tajima, Mrs. Shigeji, 341n4, 346n5

Takagi, Fujiko, 341n4, 347n5

Takahira, Kogoro, 64n11

Takaishi, S., 214n2

Takaku, Jinnosuke, 345n5

Takamatsu, Kikuko

Akihito and, 269

Berlin luncheon, 252

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

Liberty Bell photo, 262

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamatsu, Nobuhito

Berlin luncheon, 252

Butler tour, 167

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

essay contest judge, 589n1

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

International Goodwill Tour, 249–269

lender of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Liberty Bell photo, 262

Mashbir 1930 reception, 465

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamine, Jokichi

anti-discrimination statement, 384n11

biographical note, 216n5

cherry blossom tree gift, 364

East & West Meeting photo, 200

Japan Society luncheon, 32, 370

photo (c1912), 365

Shibusawa dinner (1915), 219n13

Takao, Toru, 72

Takarabe, Takeshi, 275

Takatsuji, Narazo, 214n2

Takeda, Enji, 163n5

Takeda, Yenji, 343n4, 345n5

Taki, Kumejiro, 214n2

Taki, Takichi, 343n4

Tale of the Genji (Shikibu), 598n19

Tamamushi Shrine, 153

Tamura, R. Tsuyoshi, 345n5

Tamura, Shinkichi, 214n2

Tamura, Tetsusuke, 341n4

Tamura, Tsuyoshi, 341n4

Tanabe, Muneo, 574, 577

Tanaka C. Photo Studio, 131

Tanaka, Giichi, 490, 505n2

Tanaka, Hozumi, 589n1

Tanaka, Kotaro, 589n1

Tanaka, T., 213n2

Tanakadate, Aikitu, 169

Tan’yū, Kano, 18n1

Tauruta, Eiko, 115

Taylor, Montgomery, 421

Teat, Admiral, 546n1

Temperance movement, 102n7

Temperance Society, 92

Temple of Kunozan, 2

Ten Years in Japan (Grew), 130, 426

Terada, Jinkichi, 164n6

Terada, S., 64n10

Terauchi, Hisaichi, 63n10

Terry, Mrs. James, 350n6

Tetsudo Hotel, Tokyo, 409

The Gardeners, Pennsylvania, 350n6

This Rotarian Age (Harris), 237

Thomas, Mrs. James R., 350n6

Thomson, Polly, 129

Three Sacred Treasures of Japan, 486

ticker tape parade for Lindbergh, 394

Time Magazine, 277

Time Magazine 144, 143, 238

Times, The (London), 386n13, 390n17

Tingkan, Tsai, 89

Tison, Alexander, 278

Toda, Yashichi, 164n6

Togasaki, Kiyoshi, 345n5

Togo, Baroness Yasushi, 341n4, 346n5

Togo, Mrs. Shigenori, 341n4, 346n5

Tokuda, Sumiko, 117–19

Tokugawa, Hope, 288

Tokugawa, Iemochi, 5–7, 104–5

Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 1, 2, 18n1, 597n19

Tokugawa, Iyemasa

Armenian Genocide and, 206–7

biographical note, 592n7

commemorative bronze plaque, 583

Dedication for Japanese Garden, 574–78

dinner honored by Ambassador Saito, 288

diplomatic positions, 70

Fiftieth anniversary photograph, 572

fire-bomb of Prince Tokugawa’s home, 494

Hearst meeting, 298–300

honorary degree from University of British Columbia, 592n8

inspection tour to Europe and America, 280

International Conference on Social Work, Japan Committee, 301

Japanese Red Cross delegation, 53

Lawrenceville, New Jersey visit, 530

observing father receiving honorary degree, 165

official dress photo (1929), 573

photograph with Shibusawa, 184

radio broadcaster, 283

Royal Couple greeting, 264–65

send off luncheon for Prince Tokugawa, 576

Tsunenari Tokugawa and, 598n20

Tokugawa, Iyesato

affinity for the West, 11–12

American Pictorial delegation announcement, 67

American Red Cross meeting, 546n1

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 422

arrival announcement, visit 1910, 26

art/cultural exhibits, 582

art exhibition brought West, 144–159

autographed card, 97–98

baseball and, 405–7

canned interviews, 386n15

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 258

cautious approach to media, 34, 63n8

cherry blossom tree gift, 366–370

Chicago and Pittsburgh visit, 33–34

Chicago World’s Fair, 404

Clark and, 20n4

condolence booklet to Allies, 45–52

constitution anniversary postcard, 21

delegates embarking, 71

delivering dedication to Grant at Ueno Park, 114

Diet Declaration (1938), 536–38

diplomatic tour (1933-34), 375

Enthronement Edition, 490

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Fiftieth Anniversary photo, 572

Friendship Dolls Ceremony, 137

  1. Roosevelt and, 284

Garden Club of America, 314–336, 342n4, 343n5

Grew and, 421–433

group photo (1937), 484n5

Harris and, 240

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Hawaiian reception, 245

Hearst meeting, 298–300

Hearst meeting at MGM, 311n9

Hirohito and, 476

Hirohito visit, 441, 568

Honolulu visit, 312n11

honorary degree from USC, 165, 571

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Hoover and, 276

House of Peers selection, 529–533

human rights and, 104, 121–25

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

introduction/eulogy for Shibusawa, 211

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese Red Cross Society and, 516–521

Japan Society of New York 1934 visit, 290–93

Jewish refugees and, 507–15

Kaishu and, 9, 13–15

Keller reception committee, 130

legacy events, 579–580

Lincoln Centenary Essay Contest, 115–120

Lincoln Essay Contests, 587

Lindbergh recognition, 355–407

lineage of, 1

luncheon given by Roosevelt, 286

Mashbir’s invitation response, 459

militants and, 493–503

music passion, 142

Nagako and, 440

Newsom and, 240

New York visits, 31–33, 367–370

New York World’s Fair, 414

Olympic bid (1940), 408–12

Olympic Games and, 569

orphanage visit, 133

painting (c1877), 12

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference opening address, 169

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 306n6, 309n7

Payne meeting photo, 507

photo (1934), 483n1

photo with wife and children (1918), 572

Pittsburgh visit, 59n6

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait (c1894), 17

portrait photo (1921), 90, 561

portrait photo alongside photo of Shibusawa, 183

Prince of Peace description, 526

promoting peace today, 581–82

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 520

Rotarian Age quote, 237

ROTARIAN magazine article, 239

Rotary International Conference, 229–241

Royal Couple reception, 249–250

safe zones and, 521–23

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation and, 134, 566

send-off luncheon, 576

Shibusawa and, 183–88, 581

signer of Washington Naval Conference, 89

supporting Suiheisha members, 122

sympathy booklet, 63n10

Taft diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 296–97

Tomosaburo and, 69

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

visit to U.S. (1910), 26–37, 366–373

visit to U.S. (1930), 276–79

Washington, D.C. visit, 27, 371–72, 386n13

Washington Naval Conference and, 67–98

Western view of, 91–92

women’s rights and, 126–28

World Federation of Education Association, 168

yellow peril and, 63n9

Yoshinobu and, 17

youth and guidance, 5–8

Tokugawa, Kazu, 167, 441, 483n1, 568

Tokugawa, Kikuko. See Takamatsu, Kikuko

Tokugawa, Kuniyuki, 597n19

Tokugawa, Marchioness Yorisada, 318, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Tokugawa, Marquis, 318

Tokugawa, Marquises Yorisada, 591n5

Tokugawa, Mitsukuni, 597n19

Tokugawa, Muneyoshi, 164n6

Tokugawa, Toyo, 281, 297, 300

Tokugawa, Tsunenari, 592n7, 598n20

Tokugawa, Yorifusa, 597n19

Tokugawa, Yorisada, 332, 342n4, 343n5, 589n1, 591n5

Tokugawa, Yoshichika, 164n6

Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

guiding role with Iyesato, 17

Kamenosuke adoption, 5

photograph, 186

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait with Iyesato, 17

Princess Takamatsu and, 250

Shibusawa and, 185–87

Tokugawa Art Museum, 17, 582, 597n18

Tokugawa Iesato (painting), 12

Tokugawa Memorial Foundation, 17, 582, 598n20

Tokugawa Museum Foundation, 17, 582, 597n19

Tokugawa Shogunate, 1–8, 17, 185–87, 380n1, 582, 598n20

Tokuzawa, Kenko, 340n4, 347n5

Tokyo District Court, 501

Tokyo Harbor, 473

Tokyo Imperial Household Museum, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial School of Art, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial University, 169

Tokyo Keizai University, 188

Tokyo School for the Blind. See University of Tsukuba School for the Blind

Tokyo Stock Exchange, 188

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 267, 296–97, 451

Tomosaburo, Kato, 69, 102n6

Topping, Mrs. Henry, 87

Torei Ningyo (Dolls of Gratitude), 139

Toyama, Motoichi, 164n6

Train, Russell, 259

Trans-Siberian Railway, 37

Treadway, Mrs. Lyman, 352n6

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament. See London Naval Treaty

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (1860), 6

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce (1930), 527

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Tripartite Pact, 435–36

Triple Intervention, 65n11

Tsuchihashi, Kahei, 164n6

Tsuchiya, M., 59n5, 386n14

Tsuda, Noritake, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5

Tsuda English College, 117

Tsuji, Zennosuke, 589n1

Twenty-sixth Centennial International Essay Contest Commemorating Founding of Japanese Empire, 564

 

Uchida, Yasuya, 29, 281, 372, 576

Ueno Park, Tokyo, 112, 114, 406

Umberto II, 446

Umezono, Tokuhiko, 328, 347n5

Underwood, Oscar W., 89

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), 584, 599n24

United Nations, 584

United Press, 279

United States

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

Civil War, 25, 104, 107–8, 116

embassy, 407, 455, 456

expansionism, 23

first ladies, 392–93n21

mass media, 298–300

official visit (1912), 39

politics, 23–25, 371

Red Cross Conference delegates, 546n1

United States Capitol Dome, 73

United States/Japan relations

America-Japan Society, 420n2

Dern on, 311n8

early engagement, 6–7

Harris and, 414

Knox and Pershing visit, 38–39

Lincoln and Grant, 104–25

Mashbir and, 459

Roosevelt and, 55–56

Russo-Japanese War resolution and, 215n4

Shibusawa and Straight discussion, 219n13

Shibusawa delegation, 189–203

Taft on, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa on, 293–300

United States Military Academy, 267

United States Naval Academy, 267

United States Stock Market Crash (1929), 230, 272

University of Arizona, 166

University of British Columbia, 573, 592n8

University of Pennsylvania, 262

University of Southern California (USC), 100n1, 165–66, 571

University of Tsukuba School for the Blind, 130

untouchables, 3

USC (University of Southern California), 100n1, 165–66, 571

Ushizuka, Torataro, 334, 345n5, 378, 409

 

Valadou, Joan, 570

Valentine, Myra, 351n6

Valley Forge, 262

valor (sword regalia), 486

Vandenberg, Arthur H., 286

van Karnebeek, H.A., 80

Vernou, Walter N., 286

Versailles Peace Conference (1919), 87, 426

Veverka, Ferdinand, 274

victory medals, WWI, 42–43

Villard, Oswald Garrison, 219n13, 220

Vincent, Elizabeth, 94

vitamin B1 (Orizanin®), 216n5

Viviani, René, 89

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456–58

Volz, Yong Z., 181n3

Vories, William Merrell, 422

voting rights, of Japanese women, 126

 

WACA (World Affairs Councils of America), 593n13

Wada, T., 64n10

Wakatsuki, Reijiro, 275, 498

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 290–93

Walker, James, 255

Walker, Miriam D., 351n6

Walsh, J. M., 352n6

Walsh, Mrs. Edward J., 348n6, 352n6

War Council of the American Red Cross, 54

Ward, Horace B., 95

Warren, Charles B., 87, 264

Warren, Mrs. Benjamin, 348n6, 350n6

War Zone Refugee Relief Committee, 542

Washington, Booker T., 220

Washington, George, 87, 267, 415

Washington Monument, 363

Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

acquired historical items, 96–98

additional details about, 70–85

American University students and, 93–95

against anti-Semitism, 508

articles, 101n4

continued study of, 586

foundation for, 68

group photos from, 79–80

Japanese general public and, 88

Japanese views of, 87

Jewish magazine interview, 509

militants against, 100n3

one year after, 95

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1

photo from Memorial Hall, 83

photo of Japanese Parliament delegation, 68

Red Cross Societies comparison, 516

signing ceremony, 89

Tokugawa and, 67–98

Washington Naval Treaty, 251, 424

women’s peace movement and, 86–87

Washington. Presentation of the Japanese Embassy to the President and Cabinet, in the East Room of the Executive Mansion (Taylor; engraving), 135n2

Washington Times (newspaper), 516, 546n1

Watanabe, Akira, 164n6

Watanabe, Kwazan, 157

Watase, Torajiro, 214n2

Watson, Edwin M., 286

WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union), 86–87, 102n7

Webster, Mrs. Charles, 354n8

Weeders, The (Garden Club), Philadelphia, PA, 353n6, 353n7

welcoming toasts, Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wellesley College, 267

Welsh, John, 95

West Point (United States Military Academy), 267

“What the Japanese have stood for in the World War” (T. Roosevelt), 55–56

Wheeler, Edward Jewitt, 223, 228

White, Mrs. William B., 352n6

White, Mrs. Windsor T., 349n6

White Man’s Burden (Kipling), 25, 424

Why War? Essays and Addresses on War and Peace (Butler), 258

Wild West Show, Madison Square Garden, 32

Wiley College, 166

Willard hotel, 387–390n16

Williams, Francis L., 350n6

Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson B., 349n6

Williams, Mrs. Francis D., 350n6

Williams, Walter, 174, 178

Wilmington Garden Club, Wilmington, DE, 353n6

Wilson, Hugh, 535

Wilson, Margaret, 54

Wilson, Woodrow, 22, 54, 203, 237, 306n6

Winans, Mrs. Carlton G., 352n6

Winchester and Clarke County Garden Club, Winchester, VA, 353n6

Wirt, Lincoln L., 205–6, 217n8

wisdom (mirror regalia), 486

Witsell, Edward, 458

Witte, M., 64n11

Wolseley, Frances, 391n17

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 86–87, 102n7

women

voting rights in Japan, 126

Women’s College, 115

women’s rights in Japan, 126–28

Wood, Leonard, 306n6

Wood, Mrs. Erskine, 352n6

Woodside-Atherton Garden Club, Woodside and Atherton CA, 353n6

Woodward, Robert S., 62n7

Worcester Garden Club, Worcester, MA, 353n6

World Affairs Councils of America (WACA), 593n13

world economic depression, 272, 301

World Federation of Education Associations, 168–173

World’s Sunday School Convention, 92

World War I

aftermath, 101n3, 250

aid of France, 451

Japanese participation, 39–57

Japanese Red Cross Society, 516

Japan joins Allies, 21–22

U.S.-Japan relations and, 23–25

victory medals, 38

World War II

end of, 508

Hiroshima remembrance, 588

Holocaust, 549n7

Japanese American history, 135n3, 135n4

Jewish treatment, 509

Safe Zones, 521–23

surrender, 473

Tripartite Pact and, 435–36

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 484n3

WWI Alliance postcard illustration, 24

 

Yada, Mrs. Chonosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Yagi, Hiroshi, 324, 342n4

Yajima, Kajiko, 87–88

Yamamoto, Eriko, 127

Yamamoto, Isoroku, 275

Yamashika, Seika, 504n1

Yanagita, K., 63n10

Yasakani no Magatama jewel, 486

Yashiro, Yukio, 162n5, 589n1

Yasuda, Z., 63n10

Yasuda, Zenjiro, 164n6

Yata no Kagami mirror, 486

Yatsuta Maru liner, 425

“Yellow Journalism,” 298

“Yellow Peril,” 39, 63n9, 298

YMCA, 173

Yokohama Harbor, 329

Yoshida (musician), 131

Yoshida, Kazuko, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Shigeru, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Tamotsu, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Shigeru, 336, 354n8

Yoshihito, Crown Prince (Emperor Taisho), 444

Yoshino, Shinji, 414

Yoshitaka, Kimura, 18n2

Yost, Mrs. Ellis A., 87

Yuasa, Kurahel, 502

Yuasa, Mrs. Hachiro, 328, 347n5

Yukichi, Fukuzawa, 13, 18n2, 20n4

Yukiko (granddaughter of Tokugawa), 137

 

Zacharias, Ellis M., 250, 261, 270n2

Zero Population Growth (ZPG). See Population Connection

Ziemans (Reverend), 458

Zimmermann, Arthur, 56

Zimmermann Telegram, 56

Zojoji Temple, 112

Zumoto, M., 214n2, 219n13

 

 

 

 

Colonel Sidney Mashbir’s widow Alice gifted her husband’s portrait of General MacArthur to his good friends Marine Captain William Warren and Marine Colonel Robert F. Warren…Robert and William shared their personal experiences with their friend Sidney.

by 1 Comment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Having studied and written about Colonel Sidney Mashbir, it was my good fortune when Robert Warren and his son William Warren contacted me in 2018 to discuss their close friendship with Colonel Mashbir many years earlier.

William and Robert generously shared various historical materials linked to Colonel Mashbir (1891-1973). This blog post will present a number of those items, as well as Robert and William’s recollections of Colonel Mashbir. Also included is biographic material about Robert and William Warren, who being younger than Mashbir, were inspired and influenced by Colonel Mashbir’s heroic dedication to our nation.

-The oil painting illustration of General Douglas MacArthur shown above is courtesy of the William Warren.

 

Further details about the General MacArthur oil painting.

Below is an email sent by William (aka Bill) dated April 17, 2018, giving more info about the history of the painting and why it was gifted to him.

“Stan, here are photographs of the portrait of General MacArthur.  I have provided three views, one where I stood back in order to give you an idea of the relative size of it.

According to Alice Mashbir, she thought that Sid would have wanted me to have this portrait as it was one of his most loved things.  The portrait hung over his mantle at his house in Emerald Bay (Laguna Beach).  Also according to Alice, Sid acquired this portrait from an art store in New York (City I think) and it was a big secret about what he may have paid for it.  It was apparently commissioned by General MacArthur’s wife.  The story goes that when she discovered an infidelity she threw champagne at the portrait.  That may be true since one can clearly see very faint dribbles of something.

The artist of the portrait was Julian Lamar.  I am not sure when it was painted.  A bit about Julian Lamar:

Born Julian Kitchen Lamar Miller in Augusta, Georgia, he shortened his name to Lamar in 1922 to honor his mother’s family and to make his name more memorable as an artist. Although he began painting as a child, his family encouraged him to attend the United States Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1918. After the Armistice, he resigned his commission to concentrate on his career as an artist. Lamar lived for a while in Chicago, then moved to New York in 1920.

He maintained an active studio in New York, but traveled extensively to paint his subjects in their native surroundings. He painted many prominent figures, including Prime Minister Winston Churchill; President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Franklin H. Martin, President, American College of Surgeons; and Governor Frank Dixon, Alabama. He was also an accomplished landscape painter.

You can Google him…there is a lot of information about him on the web.

Enjoy Stan.  I will forward documents this afternoon.

Bill Warren”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 19, 1945, Lt. General Kawabe, Takashiro met by Mashbir.                Source of photo: courtesy of William Warren.                                      

Besides taking a decisive role in the winning of WWII, Colonel Mashbir also helped orchestrate the Japanese Surrender Signing Ceremony, officially ending the conflict. In the above photo, Mashbir receives the Japanese Surrender Signing Arrangement committee in Manila, Philippines. They would work together to organize the details for the surrender.

The term V-J Day represents both the initial announcement of Japan’s surrender on the afternoon of August 15, 1945 in Japan, and because of time zone differences, August 14, 1945 when it was announced in the United States and the rest of the Americas and Eastern Pacific Islands. V-J Day is also represented as September 2, 1945, when the actual signing of the surrender document occurred, officially ending World War II.

 

A Gift to Colonel Mashbir from General MacArthur

The Photo inscription reveals Mashbir’s significant role in winning World War Two.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“To Mashbir”


“With admiration and cordial regard from his old comrade-in-arms.”


“Douglas MacArthur”


“Tokyo – 1945”   

 

 

Twenty seven years later, in 1972, the below inscribed portrait photo of Colonel Mashbir was respectfully gifted to his good friend Robert Warren, who Mashbir addressed as:

“Colonel Bob Warren, a gallant Marine”.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Robert’s son, William, has added the below description linked to this photo.

“Here is a photo of Sid with an inscription to my Dad and Mother (Millie).  Mother passed away in January 2010, but she, my Dad, Sid and Alice became good friends over the years.  This photo is dated 1972.  There are two photos of my Dad that I thought you might like to have, one was his official USMC photo taken in 1969 I think and the other where he is posed on the jet was taken, I think, in 1965 (see below).  He was then a Lt. Colonel and was the Commanding Officer of the Marine Attack Squadron, VMA-331 based in Beaufort, SC.  The squadron flew the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.  A side note, one of the previous Commanding Officers of VMA-331 was Lt. Colonel Don Conroy who was the “Great Santini” character in Pat Conroy’s novel of the same name.” 

 

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­______________________________

 

Presented below is further Information about Colonel Mashbir and other topics gathered during an interview with Colonel Robert F. Warren – May 18, 2018.

Colonel Robert F. Warren proudly mentioned that his son William had been an infantry platoon leader in Viet Nam, and that the survival rate for that position averaged only 4-6 months. Thank God he made it back.

Robert stated he spent many hours with Mashbir and recalled that Mashbir was angry with General Willoughby, who was General MacArthur’s chief of staff GHQ during WWII. Robert said that Mashbir would mockingly imitate Willoughby’s accent. Mashbir’s anger stemmed from his feeling that Willoughby had often prevented Mashbir from directly delivering urgent strategic information to MacArthur, and that Willoughby regularly took credit for many of Mashbir’s ideas.

Below are a number of other comments Colonel Warren made related to Colonel Mashbir.

-When Mashbir returned to the Imperial Hotel after surviving the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, the Hotel Manager Inmaru (sp?) responded as if, “He couldn’t be more surprised if he’d seen the Buddha step out of Hell.”

-Robert clarified a matter linked to the historical novel about Colonel Mashbir, titled The Emperor and the Spy. Robert said that Mashbir’s good friend James Moriarty (Marine) was sent to China first, then to Japan.

-Sidney Mashbir’s son Forrester (his older son) became the manager of entertainment at the Sands Hotel/Casino in Las Vegas.

-Robert met Don Mashbir (Sidney’s younger son) and Don’s wife Rosa.

-Sid told Don that Sid didn’t want heroics to keep him alive when he got near the end.

-Sidney Mashbir’s home was in Emerald Bay, in Laguna Beach, which has beautiful views.

-Sid came to Robert’s military retirement party.

-Sid started the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo. Robert said, “Sid had a strong positive feeling for the whole nation of Japan.”

-Robert stated, “Sid had respect for the top levels of the Japanese hierarchy who were against war; they were almost prisoners of the military or they were eliminated altogether.”

-When Mashbir was leaving Japan, he laid on the floor of the ship, so as not to see Mt. Fuji, because he was superstitious that if you do not wish to return to Japan, you should not look back at that magnificent mountain view.

 

William Warren wrote the below letter:

“I have just ordered two copies of your book [The Emperor and the Spy], one for my father and one for myself. Both of us had the pleasure of calling Colonel Mashbir our friend. I personally spent many, many hours with Colonel Mashbir at his home in Laguna Beach. He and his second wife, Alice were host to me on many, many weekends when I was a young Lieutenant in the US Marine Corps. Sid also invited me to the Army and Navy Club in Washington DC where I believe he was a charter member. He was a most amazing man and one of my all-time heroes!! After Sid’s death, Alice sent me the original oil painting of General MacArthur that was one of his prized possessions. This portrait hung over the mantel in his Laguna Beach home. Alice told me that Sid would have wanted me to have this portrait and that I was to forever keep this in my family, never giving it to a museum or selling it. That portrait still hangs in my home today. Alice also gave me a copy of Sid’s book, “I was an American Spy” and she endorsed the book for me.

I have not yet read your book, but would love to keep in touch with you. Thank you for honoring this great man.

(William) Bill Warren, 9026 Mossy Hill Lane, Indian Land, SC 29707.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Presented below are William Warren’s comments after reading this novel:

“Review of “The Emperor and the Spy”

“A true story of intrigue, history and a little known American hero.”

By Bill Warren on May 27, 2018

“I had the good fortune to have met Colonel Sidney Mashbir when I was a newly minted Lieutenant in the Marine Corps. It was my distinct honor to have spent hours and hours with him over the years, visiting him both in his home in Laguna Beach, California and at the Army and Navy Club in Washington, DC where he enjoyed the status as a charter member. During those visits, Colonel Mashbir related hundreds of stories and showed me untold number of documents and I think I spent hundreds of hours listening to him. I am not sure what cemented the relationship I had with this fascinating hero, but I treasured every moment and consider him to have been among my very best friends, mentor and teacher. I am both in awe of and pleased with Stan S. Katz who recognized a real hero of our country and that he undertook the mission to write this book. His research for The Emperor and the Spy, appears to be meticulous and he tells a story that NEEDS to be told. Not many would ever have guessed that Colonel Mashbir served with General Pershing in Mexico. Likewise, who would have believed that Colonel Mashbir would have become so endeared with, respected by and maintained a secret alliance with the royal family of Japan prior to World War II. The Colonel indeed had a special relationship with Prince Tokugawa, the Emperor Hirohito and their families. Through these relationships, Colonel Mashbir made a valiant attempt to avert WWII in the Pacific. That is just part of the story. The other part is the intelligence work performed for General Douglas MacArthur during the war that, without a doubt, shortened the war with Japan. Even after the war, Colonel Mashbir utilized his deep understanding of the Japanese and his friendship with many of its leaders to make major contributions to the peaceful occupation of Japan and without those efforts, the outcome of post-war Japan would have been a completely different country.

Stan Katz skillfully weaves this story into a very readable and exciting historical fictionalized novel. His facts, based on the stories told to me by Colonel Mashbir are genuine and because of the nature of Colonel’s work, are irrefutable. Stan easily stands with Bernard Cornwell, Jeff Sharra and Michael Sharra in his skill constructing a superb story around historical facts and with Brad Meltzer in his ability to develop historical characters while keeping the adventure exciting. If you like historical novels and want to learn about a real American hero, you will find it in this magnificent book.” Note: On May 13th, 2018, Bill Warren called his father Robert and related, “That his Dad had read the first half of The Emperor and the Spy, and was thoroughly enjoying it.”

 

Another Interview with William Warren linked to Colonel Mashbir.

William described Sidney Mashbir as the consummate gentlemen. Rarely, if ever, did he hear him raise his voice. William commented that I had captured the essence of the man in The Emperor and the Spy, and that he thought Sidney and I would have gotten along well, which made my day. 

William confirmed what his father Robert had told him, that during WWII, Mashbir hated General Willoughby and they had numerous confrontations/tussles. William felt that Willoughby outranked Mashbir and Mashbir had to take it. “Mashbir couldn’t stand the man.” William said, “Willoughby might have blocked Mashbir from getting directly to General MacArthur, but Mashbir probably violated the chain of command to get to General MacArthur on occasion.”

William stated I got the story right in the novel, that when recruiting the Nisei for the WWII intelligence organization ATIS, it helped that they could both speak and read the language. Speaking Japanese is relatively easy, but reading it is much more difficult.

William said he thought that MacArthur felt somewhat abandoned in the Pacific theater, with most of the military resources going to the European theater of war.

 

THESE BOOKS OFFER FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO THE FASCINATING AND EXCITING EXPLOITS OF COLONEL MASHBIR.

 

 

 

This biography highlights one of Colonel Mashbir’s most influential Japanese allies, Prince Tokugawa Iesato.

During the 1920s and ’30s, Mashbir and Tokugawa heroically strove to maintain the goodwill between their nations. 

Available in Print and Kindle EBook

 

 

 

EBOOK REPUBLICATION OF COLONEL MASHBIR’S 1953 AUTOBIOGRAPHY

 

 

 

 

PARTING NOTE:

It was a pleasure meeting Robert and William Warren, two impressive gentlemen who proudly served our nation.

Colonel Robert F. Warren wrote a screenplay, and in association with U.S. military historian and writer, Navy Lt. Charles Wyatt, they completed an adaptation of that screenplay into a short novel titled: The Elephants of Trabong – This dramatic and engaging story is linked to Robert’s experiences during the Viet Nam War, where his assignment was to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese citizenry thru improving the economic life in their villages. It would definitely make a great movie!

*Representatives of the film industry can receive a synopsis of the screenplay and novel thru the below contacts:

William Warren:   [email protected]

Colonel Robert F. Warren also wrote an autobiography on his personal life story & military experiences in three wars. 

Blog link on the website for more information about Colonel Warren and his autobiography “ONLY IN MY AMERICA”.

 

 

 

 

 

Captain Sidney Mashbir’s successful 1922 secret mission prevented a potential war in Asia. However, the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 again destabilized Japan – During the challenging first months following that major disaster, Mashbir spearheaded a U.S. Medical Relief Effort to assist many of the injured Japanese.

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In 1922, Mashbir completed a dangerous mission in Vladivostok, Russia, preventing the outbreak of a regional war between Japan, China, and Russia, which might have expanded further!

The following year on September 1, 1923, the most destructive natural disaster in modern Japanese history occurred, The Great Kantō Earthquake (関東大震災, Kantō daishinsai), a Japanese natural disaster in the Kantō region of the island of Honshū. This earthquake destroyed Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and approximately 140,000 people died. During the challenging first months following that major disaster, Mashbir spearheaded an American Medical Relief Effort to assist many of the injured Japanese – As part of this humanitarian process, Mashbir created the first English – Japanese Medical Translation Dictionary that was used by English speaking health care workers while treating Japanese speaking patients.

The Great Kanto Earthquake, dramatically threw Japan back into a state of political and social instability. The Emperor and the Spy historical novel reveals Mashbir’s involvement during these dramatic events.

 

 

 

 

The above November 10th, 1923 photo is labeled: The Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan

Mashbir (fourth from the left) led this group immediately after the Great Kanto Earthquake. These were the first relief workers to coordinate a major rescue/medical response to this major disaster. Mashbir and his team’s altruistic efforts were gratefully appreciated and remembered by the leaders of Japan. This picture was taken approximately two months after the earthquake, once things had been gotten under control, with Mashbir and his team proudly standing in front of the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, after a job well done. The back of this photo is presented below.

 

Most of these volunteers’ names listed below:

1- Lieutenant A. H. McCollum, U. S. Navy
2- Unnamed civilian
3- Captain T. M. Martin, U.S. Army
4- Major Sidney F. Mashbir, U.S. Army
5- Lieutenant Dillingsworth, U.S. Army
6- Captain Joe Hickey, U.S. Marine Corps
7- Robert F. Moss, a civilian
8- Mr. Harper, a civilian
9- Major Edward Witsell, U.S. Army
10- Reverend Ziemans, civilian
11- Colonel Chas (Charles) Burnett U.S. Army
12- Unnamed civilian
13- Major P. R. Faymonville U.S. Army
14- Captain W. J. Clear, U. S. Army
15- Lieutenant David Tait, U. S. Army
16- Unnamed civilian

Side note: Who would have thought when this photo was taken, it would be almost a century later that this never before publicly seen photo would be shared over the world wide web, honoring these volunteers’ heroic efforts.

The backdrop for the above group photo, the Imperial Hotel, was Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural masterpiece. It was one of the very few large structures not destroyed by the earthquake. Due to the vast destruction throughout Japan, this hotel was temporarily used as the American Embassy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A 1920’s postcard photo of the Imperial Hotel.

Captain Sidney Mashbir realized that language barriers would get in the way of English speaking emergency health care providers from being able to communicate with and assist the injured Japanese who spoke only Japanese, so he cleverly created an English to Japanese / Japanese to English Medical Translation Dictionary to better facilitate the  treatment of these injured Japanese during the traumatic aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake; further below is this 24 page bilingual medical dictionary.

It was republished in 1942, by the then Colonel Mashbir, probably to assist in the treatment of Japanese prisoners of war, who needed U.S. medical treatment. That conflict which Mashbir had devoted his efforts to prevent between the U.S. and Japan during the 1920s and 1930s, regrettably, could not be avoided. The below medical dictionary honors Colonel Mashbir’s altruistic intentions towards the Japanese, and it might also served as a template for an updated version for today to assist in medical situations involving English / Japanese translation while taking a patient’s medical history and to better understand the patient’s current symptoms/injuries.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Japan Society of New York City Honors the Visit of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa – Recently Discovered 1934 Photo

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Here is an important moment in history, when the leader of the Japanese peace and democracy movement met with his counterparts in the United States during a challenging period of U.S. Japan relations. This rare, perhaps one of a kind photo presents the Japan Society’s Annual Dinner event honoring Prince Tokugawa on Feb. 27, 1934 – This diplomatic goodwill gathering took place at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. [Source of photo: TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com archives – The actual photo is 14 x 22 inches in size.]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Above: Right half of the Feb. 27, 1934 photo: Prince Tokugawa and other dignitaries sit at a table on the front stage, with an American and Japanese flag hanging behind them. It is amazing how a photo can almost bring people and events back to life. As a potential, future, historical project, it would be interesting to identify as many guests as possible who attended this celebratory event. This current presentation will focus on the individuals seated at the front table.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Above: Left half of the Feb. 27, 1934 photo

 

Historical note

The global economic depression of the 1930s, combined with the spread of communism and fascism contributed to an internationally unstable and dangerous period in history. Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (aka Prince Tokugawa Iesato 1863-1940), supported by his Japanese and non-Japanese allies, heroically devoted his diplomatic/political career to creatively striving to maintain goodwill between Japan and the U.S., as well as other nations.

Over the many years it took to create the recently published, illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa, titled The Art of Peace, the author of this blog post was constantly surprised how this great statesman had largely been forgotten, despite Tokugawa having been the diplomatic face of Japan internationally for the first forty years of the 1900s, while also holding significant political influence domestically, as the President of Japan’s upper house of congress, The House of Peers.

 

During the 1934 Japan Society Annual Dinner, Prince Tokugawa eloquently declared:

“The bulk of public opinion and the best of character and intelligence was on the side of peace,” and that it was “most regrettable, that statements predicting war (between their nations) had been circulated on both sides of the Pacific and even on the other side of the Atlantic.”

“Thinking men in Japan do not wish to disturb the traditional goodwill and friendship that unite us with America, and I believe that sentiment is reciprocated by sensible people in this country. You on this side of the Pacific and we on the other side, all know that a war between our two countries would not only be unprofitable, but highly disastrous to both of us.”

To prove his above statement, Prince Tokugawa gave specific details highlighting the enormous economic interdependence of the U.S. and Japan, and clarified just how mutually beneficial America/Japan trade was. Prince Tokugawa admitted that Japan-U.S. relations had occasionally experienced some strains in the past, but that was true of many other nations as well. He recalled the success of the Four-Power Pacific Pact (signed on Dec. 13, 1921, during the Washington Naval Conference) between Great Britain, France, Japan and the U.S. The Four-Power Pacific Pact required any controversy arising out of any Pacific question, if not settled satisfactorily by diplomacy, should be considered and settled at a joint conference. These four nations agreed to respect the status quo in the Pacific and respect the territorial holdings of these countries and not attempt to pursue further territorial expansion.

Some of the other speakers at this gathering were: Reverend James DeWolf Perry, presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, and great-nephew of Commodore Perry; former Ambassador to Japan Roland S. Morris of Philadelphia; and Henry Waters Taft President of the Japan Society of New York City, who presided over this 1934 event. Henry W. Taft was the brother of former President William Howard Taft.

During this February 27th event, Henry W. Taft said, “Japan and the Americans were increasingly making themselves understood one to the other,” and that he believed that “despite occasional differences in national policies, the spirit of mutual helpfulness will grow and abide.”

Source: The New York Times article, February 28, 1934: “Japan Shuns War, Says Tokugawa”

 

-The below newspaper article comes from the Evening Star (Washington, District of Columbia) 26 Feb 1934, Monday Page 16. It highlights some of Prince Tokugawa’s other diplomatic engagements during his 1934 visit to the U.S. 

The Society Section headline stated: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was going to hold a luncheon honoring Prince Tokugawa.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The news article also mentioned that during his 1934 visit, Prince Tokugawa was hosted at other diplomatic events given by:

–Ambassador of Japan and Madame Saito

–U.S. Chief Justice and Mrs. Charles Evans Hughes 

–Ambassador of Spain Juan Francisco de Cardenas and his wife Senora de Cardenas 

–Miss Mabel Thorp Boardman – philanthropist involved with the American Red Cross

–Secretary of State Cordell Hull

– Under Secretary of State William R. Castle Jr. 

-Former Japanese Consul General and Madame Horinouchi

-While in Washington, D.C., Prince Tokugawa visited the American Red Cross National Headquarters and the U.S. Senate.

 

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, supported by his Japanese and non-Japanese allies, was so influential in Japan & internationally, it was only after his passing in 1940, that a global war erupted in Pacific.

 

 

The Japan Society which sponsored the 1934 Annual Dinner that honored Prince Tokugawa’s visit, continues to this day as a leading U.S. organization committed to deepening mutual understanding between the United States and Japan in a global context. Now in its second century, the Society serves audiences across the U.S. and abroad through innovative programs in arts and culture, public policy, business, language and education.

Japan Society was founded on May 19, 1907 by a group of prominent New York business people and philanthropists, many of whom shaped the policies of exchange and collaboration that guided the Society until the outbreak of World War II. After the war, activities slowly resumed. The stewardship of John D. Rockefeller 3rd from 1952 to 1978 led to a unified vision, a firm financial foundation, and a revitalized mission that continues to inspire and sustain the organization.

Today, Japan Society, located at 333 East 47th Street, New York City, has evolved into a world-class, multidisciplinary hub for global leaders, artists, scholars, educators, and English and Japanese-speaking audiences. At the Society, more than 100 events each year feature sophisticated, topically relevant presentations of Japanese art and culture, and also open, critical dialogue on issues of vital importance to the U.S., Japan, and East Asia.

Photo taken Oct. 2008: (Source: Wikipedia, contributor Jim Henderson)

Source for the above description: the Japan Society website.

To learn more about this fine organization, here is their internet link:

https://www.japansociety.org/

 

 

To better recognize the guests seated at the front table with Prince Tokugawa, below are some enlarged segments of the photo. The guests have been numbered to assist in identifying them. Some have been identified, but if you recognize any who haven’t, please send this information thru the comment section at the end of this blog post. Thank you.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prince Tokugawa sits (seventh seat from the left), accompanied his son, Iyemasa Tokugawa, and their hosts. Obtaining good scanned images of the front table was challenging, in that the photographer took this photo from the furthest position from those being honored on the front stage, but an attempt has currently been made to add contrast and modify the lighting to enhance the image. The below sectional views used slightly different modifications to bring out the details as best as possible.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Starting on the Left and moving right, the attendees have been given identifying numbers 1 to 15 to assist in identification. Below are further enlarged segments of the above photo.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Starting on the Left and moving right:

  • 1- Unknown

 

  • 2- Probably the former Japanese Consul General Horinouchi

 

  • 3- Probably the wife of former Japanese Consul General Horinouchi

 

  • 4- Iemasa Tokugawa (徳川 家正, March 23, 1884 – February 18, 1963, aka Tokugawa Iemasa, Iyemasa Tokugawa, Tokugawa Iyemasa, and Yoshihisa Tokugawa) – Iemasa Tokugawa was the son and supporting ally of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa. Iemasa was a political/diplomatic figure of the Taishō and early Shōwa periods. He was the 17th hereditary head of the former shogunal branch of the Tokugawa dynasty and the final President of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan. At the time of this 1934 event, he was the Japanese Minister to Canada.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Starting on the Left and moving right:

  • 5- Reverend James DeWolf Perry, presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, and great-nephew of Commodore Perry.

 

  • 6- Probably the wife of Reverend James DeWolf Perry

 

  • 7- Prince Iyesato Tokugawa

 

  • 8- Henry Waters Taft President of the Japan Society, presided over this 1934 event – He was the brother of former President William Howard Taft.In 1929, Emperor Hirohito honored Henry Waters Taft with the insignia of the Second Class of the Order of the Rising Sun, together with a diploma signed by the Emperor. This Insignia was presented to Taft by the Japanese Consul-General, in recognition of Taft’s fostering of international friendship.Source: The New York Times, June 28, 1929, Page 15Biographical note: In 1882, Henry W. Taft was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of law in Ohio. Shortly afterward, he joined Strong & Cadwalader, in New York City, later known as Cadwalader, Wickersham and Taft. Taft became one of the most noted lawyers in New York – The law firm that continues to honor his name, Cadwalader, Wickersham and Taft is headquartered at 200 Liberty Street in Lower Manhattan, and is New York City’s oldest law firm and one of the oldest continuously operating legal practices in the United States. It operates out of five offices across the United States and Europe. In addition to its Wall Street location, it has offices in Washington, D.C., Charlotte, London, and Brussels. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Starting on the Left and moving right:

  • 9- Roland Sletor Morris (March 11, 1874 – November 23, 1945) was a U.S. diplomat and politician, and one of the founding partners of the international law firm of Duane Morris, in Philadelphia. Morris served as U.S. ambassador to Japan from 1917 to 1920 – To improve U.S. Japan relations in April 1917, the America-Japan Society, located in Japan, was born pledging friendly interexchange and fosterage of mutual understanding between the Japanese and American people. The first president of the Society was Kentaro Kaneko, a Harvard University graduate and one of the members involved in drafting the Constitution of the Empire of Japan; Roland Morris, US Ambassador to Japan at the time, was nominated as honorary president; Iyesato Tokugawa, Eiichi Shibusawa, Korekiyo Takahashi, Jokichi Takamine were honorary vice presidents; Inazo Nitobe, Takuma Dan, Junnosuke Inoue were on the list of the Executive Committee. They were leaders from political and business establishments, as well as from the academic community of that era.

 

  • 10- Probably the wife of Roland Morris: Augusta Twiggs Shippen West Morris, a relative of both Levi Twiggs and Edward Shippen.

 

  • 11- Unknown gentlemen behind candelabra

 

  • 12- Unknown lady

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Starting on the Left and moving right:

  • 13- Unknown gentlemen

 

  • 14- Unknown lady

 

  • 15- Unknown gentlemen

 

 

The 1934 Japan Society Annual Dinner photo was discovered while doing research for the illustrated biography on Prince Iyesato Tokugawa titled THE ART OF PEACE.

The book cover presents Prince Tokugawa receiving an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from the University of Southern California during his 1934 visit to the United States – This degree was bestowed upon him by the president of USC, in recognition of  Prince Tokugawa’s many academic, diplomatic, and philanthropic contributions.

 

LINK TO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE BIOGRAPHY