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1920 – An Important Event Encouraging Good US / Japan Relations. Recently discovered Photo – Frank A. Vanderlip, a leading US business figure and president of the Japan Society of New York City meets with Shibusawa Eiichi and representatives of Mitsui & Co., and other Japanese leaders.

February 16, 2020 by Stan S. Katz 6 Comments

Above is an original 1920 photo (far right segment) of the larger photo shown just below. It presents an exciting moment in international business relations, an early U.S. Japan trade/economic alliance being formed, while at the same strengthening U.S. Japan political and cultural relations. This gathering took place at the home of Baron Shibusawa (seated front row, seventh from the left in the below photo).

The successful American banker and journalist Frank A. Vanderlip (seated 10th from the left in the upper black and white photo, and standing 7th from the left in the lower black and white photo.

Vanderlip headed this U.S. business delegation to Japan, where he was met by Baron Shibusawa Eiichi and other Japanese business and governmental leaders. Vanderlip was the former Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury from 1897 to 1901 and major contributor to the future creation of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. Baron Shibusawa is known as the Father of the Japanese Modern Capitalistic Economy, who among his many accomplishments launched Japan’s first national bank. In 1909, Vanderlip became the president of National City Bank which held more capital than any other bank in the U.S.

The above 1920 photo was taken following a special dinner hosted by Shibusawa Eiichi for Mr. Vanderlip and his family, along with their accompanying U.S. delegation. Several of individuals in the above photos have been identified. The remaining Japanese individuals will hopefully be identified in the future and this article will be updated.

The invited American guests of the day are as follows

Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip and Mrs. Vanderlip, and their daughter(s). (Mr. Vanderlip is standing 5th from the right in the bottom black and white photo, shown above.)

Mr. Harry E. Benedict – nationally known executive and economist,

Mr. Henry W. Taft and Mrs. Taft – Henry Waters Taft (May 27, 1859 – August 11, 1945) was an American lawyer and author. He was the son of Alphonso and brother of President William Howard Taft. A renowned antitrust lawyer, he was a name partner at Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft.

Mr. Jacob G. Shurman and Mrs. Shurman – Jacob Gould Schurman (May 2, 1854 – August 12, 1942) was a Canadian-born American educator and diplomat, who served as President of Cornell University and United States Ambassador to Germany.

Mr. Darwin Kingsley and Mrs. Kingsley – Darwin P. Kingsley ~ PRESIDENT NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE CO – 1906-1930

Mr. Julian Street and Mrs. Street, and daughter

Mr. Seymour L. Cromwell and Mrs. Cromwell – President of the New York Stock Exchange

Mr. Lewis L. Clark and Mrs. Clark, and daughter

Mr. Lyman Judson Gage (June 28, 1836 – January 26, 1927) was an American financier and Presidential Cabinet officer.

Mr. George Eastman – George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) was an American entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and helped to bring the photographic use of roll film into the mainstream. He was a major philanthropist, establishing the Eastman School of Music, Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, and schools of dentistry and medicine at the University of Rochester and in London Eastman Dental Hospital; contributing to the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) and the construction of several buildings at the second campus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the Charles River. In addition, he made major donations to Tuskegee University and Hampton University, historically black universities in the South. With interests in improving health, he provided funds for clinics in London and other European cities to serve low-income residents. NOTE: The author of this blog post lived in Rochester for 10 years and got the chance to see many of the above fine institutions that George Eastman created. (Eastman is seated far left in the lower black and white photo, shown above.)

Mr. J. Lionberger Davis and Mrs. Davis – J. Lionberger Davis (John Lionberger) was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1878. He was a lawyer and banker; he graduated from Princeton in 1900, and studied law at Harvard and Washington University. He was founder and chairman of the Real Estate Mortgage Trust Company and the Security National Bank Savings and Trust Company in St. Louis, Missouri. During World War I, Davis served as managing director of the Alien Property Custodian from 1917-1919. He was an active Democrat and personal friend of Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt. He died in 1973. Lionberger was an avid collector of fine art. Much of his art collection was gifted to various art museums around the country.

Mr. Edward Mulligan – might have been a banker.

Mr. Harry Serenbetz

Mr. Ballantine and Mrs. (details unknown); (spelling Valentine?)

Mr. Bors (details unknown)

*Note: Some of the information in the blog post was kindly provided by an individual who is included in the Comments Section at the end of this Blog Post.

Frank A. Vanderlip (November 17, 1864 – June 30, 1937)

Below is a 1909 photo of Frank A. Vanderlip – Source: Wikipedia, from the book: The World’s Work, 1909, by the Brown Brothers.

Baron Shibusawa Eiichi (渋沢栄, March 16, 1840 – November 11, 1931, aka Eiichi Shibusawa) was a Japanese industrialist who spearheaded the introduction of Western capitalism into Japan after the Meiji Restoration of 1868.

Photo date unknown – Source: Wikipedia

Baron Takuma Dan (團琢磨, September 7, 1858 – March 5, 1932) is on the far right of the 1908 photo of the original photo segment . He was a graduate of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was married to the younger sister of statesman Kaneko Kentarō. Dan was a successful Japanese businessman who became Director-General of Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (三井物産, Mitsui Bussan) which is currently one of the largest sogo shosha (general trading companies) in Japan. It is part of the Mitsui Group, and its business sectors include energy, machinery, chemicals, food, textile, logistics, finance, and more. The company was established in 1876 with 16 members including the founder, Takashi Masuda.

Takuma Dan – photo date unknown: Source Wikipedia

Baron Takamine Mitsui (三井高棟, 8 February 1857 – 9 February 1948) is on the far left in the original photo segment.

In 1919, Takamine Mitsui was considered for the position of Japan’s new ambassador to the United States. At the time, he was the richest man in Japan and the head of the successful, centuries old, Mitsui family. He had worldwide commercial and financial interests and was described in the Press of his own country as the ‘Japanese Rockefeller’.

Baron Takamine Mitsui – Source: press photo circa 1919

Baron Takamine Mitsui

日本語: 三井高棟

Photo date: October 1913

Source Japanese book “Kazoku Gaho (Pictorial Peerage of the Empire of Japan)” published by Kazoku Gaho Sha.

日本語: 華族画報社「華族画報」より。

No reference photo could be found for Masao Shibusawa, son of Baron Shibusawa.

The below photo is from the 1920 original photo segment which shows what the author of this blog FIRST believed to be Masao Shibusawa. Verification from historians would be appreciated in confirming this information. During the 1920s, Masao Shibusawa was President of Tokyo Ishikawajima, a shipbuilding and engineering firm that also manufactured of cars, trucks, and small buses. This company would be part of the early history of domestic car manufacturing in Japan, leading to the company Isuzu. Source: The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, By A.J. Jacobs, Publisher: Lexington Books, 2016

Below photo: At first, incorrectly, the below individuals were assumed to be Baron Shibusawa left, with his son Masao Shibusawa right. It is not yet clear who they are.

The above photo is a section of the original 1920 photo segment: Left: Baron Mitsui, the right photo might be: Taka Kawada

The above 1917 reference photo presents: Baron Shibusawa Eiichi and Taka-Kawada: two of the Greatest Financiers in Japan. The photo was taken on the porch of Baron Shibusawa’s home. Shibusawa was known as the Father of Modern Banking and Economics in Japan (seen as the J. P. Morgan of Japan.) Above information: ”Journal of the American Asiatic Association” volume 17, March 1917-Dec. 1917: the article is titled: Japan’s Prosperity The New Wealth and Its Measure of New Reserve Power written by S. Joseph Reed, Jr. (The article relates to Japan’s economy and to the shipbuilding industry.) Photo source: archives of the author of this blog post.

ADDITIONAL DETAILS ABOUT THE 1920 original PHOTO segment:

This rare photo was discovered six years ago by the author of this blog post, while doing research for an illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa Iesato (aka Prince Iyesato Tokugawa 1863-1940), titled: The Art of Peace. The biography highlights the significant political, economic, and social welfare contributions of Prince Tokugawa Iesato and Baron Shibusawa Eiichi who often allied with one another to achieve Japan’s domestic and international goals. It offers a new perspective on U.S. Japan relations, during the first half of the 20th Century.

At first, it was largely a mystery as to who the individuals were and what the date of this photo was as well, and what was the event that brought these individuals together? This was not a press photo, which generally has description printed on the back. Research into newspaper archives found only one article that mentioned a large U.S. business delegation visiting Japan in Dec. 18, 1908, but this article didn’t list even one name of the U.S. delegates. This article did however state that the U.S. delegation was met by leading Japanese, but none of those Japanese were identified.

It appeared that this photo was most likely taken as a personal memory of Frank A. Vanderlip and his business delegation’s visit to Japan.

As part of the research, an inquiry was made with the Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation and Museum, an organization that honors the legacy and values of Baron Shibusawa and his allies. This organization was started over 120 years ago and is based in Asukayama Park in Oji, Tokyo, on the site of the former Shibusawa residence. The head of their library resources section kindly confirmed they didn’t know that Frank A. Vanderlip, along with his family, and his U.S. business delegation might have visited Japan in 1908 and that he might had met with Baron Shibusawa and other Japanese business leaders. Since that time, new information was provided that revealed that this meeting of East and West occurred in 1920, not 1908.

Here is the link to the Shibusawa organization’s website: https://www.shibusawa.or.jp/english/

The 1920 photo is 10 inches by 3.5 inches in size.

The reverse side of this significant, but age weathered photo is shown below.

Written in ink are the words:

“DINNER BY

BARON SHIBUSAWA

TO VANDERLIP MISSION“

If there had been a meeting between a Vanderlip business delegation and Japanese economic leaders in 1908, the reason for the limited press coverage for this meeting might well be that the participants wished privacy as they discussed urgent U.S. economic issues and the unstable and potentially adversarial political relations between the U.S. and Japan.

On the economic front this meeting was quite urgent, because of a recent, major economic downturn in the U.S., called The Panic of 1907, also known as the 1907 Bankers’ Panic, linked to the collapse of the U.S. Stock Market. Based on this U.S. economic crisis, a 1908 US business delegation visited Japan most likely had the goal of working together with their Japanese allies to bring back a stable and prosperous U.S. economy by increasing U.S. Japan trade & through the Japanese extending financial backing thru loans to the U.S. – These supportive measures would simultaneously improve the economy of Japan, and hopefully strengthen U.S. Japan political and cultural relations.

The below photo presents Wall Street during the Bank and Stock Market Crash which was called the 1907 Bankers’ Panic. Anxious crowds gathered around Federal Hall, one of the first of two historic buildings located at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The original, a Federal style structure completed in 1703, served as New York’s first City Hall. Notice the statue of George Washington in front of the building. Source of photo: Wikipedia

Below is the newspaper article believed to be linked to the Vanderlip/U.S. 1908 business delegation visit to Japan:

Courtland Journal (Courtland, Kansas)

December 18, 1908, Friday, Page 2

This news article did not have a title, but appeared in a column with the heading:

“THE COMET”

A. Hoyt Publisher, Courtland, Kansas

Below is a transcription of the December 18, 1908 Courtland Journal article, followed by the scanned newspaper article:

“That visit of a big delegation of businessmen from the Pacific coast of the United States is having good results in Japan. The reception accorded the Americans, both on the part of officials and of the people of Japan generally, has been of the most cordial sort. The delegations has sailed for home, but before doing so held a meeting and adopted resolutions expressing pleasure in the friendship and good-will prevailing between the two nations, and urging the adopting of plans “whereby the commerce of the two countries may be increased and the friendship of the Japanese and American people made perpetual.” Intercourse such as that provided by the interchange of such visits will go far toward promoting those ends and removing all cause for misunderstanding.”

The following year, 1909, Shibusawa headed a Japanese business/goodwill delegation to the United States, that included 40 of Japan’s most prominent business leaders and notables. They came at the invitation of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce and the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast. The Japanese delegates and their companions traveled from Pacific to Atlanta, and back again, touring and being welcomed in over fifty U.S. cities. The newspaper: The Buffalo Commercial – 05 Oct. 1909, Tue • Page 1 – gives some general details about Shibusawa and his Japanese delegation’s three month journey and states that that visit was in reciprocation for the fine hospitality given to the U.S. delegates during their 1908 visit. However, no mention is made that the 1908 visit had been headed by Frank A. Vanderlip, nor was there mention made that any photos had been taken of the Japanese and the U.S. representatives coming together in 1908.

With the goal of identifying all of the individuals in the below 1920 Photo, below are enlarged segments of that photo with the individuals given ID numbers. Those who are already recognized are named. Hopefully, historians or family members who visit will be able to assist in identifying those who haven’t yet been recognized. This information can be sent thru the comment section of this blog post. Thank you.

From: Right to left

1- Might be: Baron Takuma Dan (團琢磨, September 7, 1858 – March 5, 1932)

2- Might be Baron Shibusawa’s son, Masao Shibusawa.

3- Might be Baron Shibusawa’s son, Masao Shibusawa.

4- Unknown gentlemen with white mustache

5- Unknown gentlemen in top hat

From: Right to left

5- Unknown gentlemen

6- Unknown gentlemen

7- Unknown gentlemen

8- Might be: Taka Kawada (taller with black tie)

9- Baron Takamine Mitsui (三井高棟, 8 February 1857 – 9 February 1948)

From: Right to left

10- Might be: Daughter of Frank A. Vanderlip

11- Might be: Daughter of Frank A. Vanderlip

12- Might be companion for the Vanderlip children.

In 1909, in reciprocation for a 1908 U.S. business/goodwill delegation’s visit to Japan, Baron Shibusawa Eiichi, accompanied by his Japanese business/goodwill delegation toured the United States. During their visit, the Japanese were greeted by the Vanderlip family and top representatives of American Industry, such as General Electric and Westinghouse.

In the following year, 1910, Prince Tokugawa Iesato visited the U.S., to further strengthen the growing friendship between their two nations. Prince Tokugawa’s 1910 goodwill visit was strongly linked to the 1912 gifting of the Cherry Blossom Trees to the U.S. Capital, whose commemoration is now celebrated annually as the National Cherry Blossom Festival.

The Art of Peace biography presents Prince Tokugawa and his Japanese allies who creatively supported democracy and peace. For thirty years (1903-1933), Prince Tokugawa served as President of Japan’s upper house of congress, the House of Peers.

The below May 5, 1910 – The New York Daily Tribune newspaper article announces the coming arrival of Prince Tokugawa to New York City, after his and his delegation’s visit to Washington D.C. During this visit, Prince Tokugawa met with President William Howard Taft and many other U.S. governmental leaders.

As for Frank A. Vanderlip, in 1910 his services were required for secret business gatherings where press coverage was kept to a minimum, when Vanderlip came together with other U.S. financial experts on Dr. Jekyll Island, to plan out the creation of initial framework for the U.S. Federal Reserve System, a system which would play an important role in stabilizing the U.S. economy by overseeing the U.S. currency supply, to avoid similar events such as ‘The Panic of 1907’.

The below December 24, 1913 newspaper article highlights President Woodrow Wilson’s new currency laws as part of the establishment the U.S. Federal Reserve System. Source of illustration: Wikipedia

In 1915, Baron Shibusawa Eiichi again visited the U.S. on a diplomatic goodwill/business visit.

New-York Tribune (New York City), Dec. 3^rd, 1915, Friday, Page 9.

To honor Baron Shibusawa’s visit, on December 2, 1915 a dinner event was hosted by the Japan Society of New York City at the grand ballroom of the Hotel Astor. At this gathering, Viscount Sutemi Chinda the Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. spoke of the growing positive relations between the U.S and Japan. There were 360 guests who attended this dinner and dance.

During his 1915 visit, Baron Shibusawa met with President Woodrow Wilson.

Another significant event linked to honoring Baron Shibusawa’s 1915 visit was held at a well-known restaurant in New York City, called Sherry’s. Among the 65 attendees who attended this banquet were former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft – A rare, perhaps one of a kind photo of this 1915 event is presented in another Blog post on this website.

Note: Upcoming blog posts will present other significant historical photos that require further identification of the individuals and of the events depicted – Historians/educators/researchers are invited to share their insights so as to bring greater clarity to these mysterious pieces of history. Your contributions will be acknowledged – To receive these future blog posts, you’re invited sign up at the top right.

BELOW IS A LINK TO A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE THAT COVERED THE 1920 MEETING BETWEEN THE VANDERLIP BUSINESS DELEGATION AND SHIBUSWA EIICHI, AND HIS JAPANESE COLLEAGES.

https://www.newspapers.com/image/208940552/?terms=shibusawa%20meets%20with%20frank%20vanderlip&match=1

In 1920 Frank A. Vanderlip became the president of the Japan Society of New York City.

The below information comes from the Japan Society website: https://www.japansociety.org/page/about/brief_history

“Japan Society of New York, established in 1907, was one of the pioneers of cultural exchange in the early 20th century. Begun in a time when few Americans knew anything about Japan, it quickly reached a wider audience than the few learned societies that focused on Asia at the time. Japan Society not only hosted leading Japanese visitors to the United States, it sponsored the first important exhibitions of Japanese art, published important books on Japan written by American experts, and promoted the study of Japan in American schools and universities by distributing learning materials and providing funds for prizes at the collegiate level. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, it became the leading forum for Japanese to encounter their American counterparts abroad.

As political and racial tensions worsened between Japan and the United States in the 1920s and 1930s, the Society steadfastly refused to take a political stance, preferring education to advocacy. Nonetheless, Japan Society worked with other internationalist groups, such as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace or the America-Japan Society of Tokyo, to increase contact between Americans and Japanese at all levels. The Society’s Annual Dinner became a venue for leading Japanese statesmen to give major addresses on the state of the U.S.-Japan relationship.”

Japan Society recognized Prince Tokugawa as their guest of honor at their 1934 Annual Dinner Celebration.

During Prince Tokugawa’s 1934 visit to the U.S., he was also greatly acknowledged by a prestigious university – The cover of the below biography highlights Prince Tokugawa receiving an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from the president of the University of Southern California, for his contributions to education, international goodwill, and philanthropy.

THE ART OF PEACE highlights Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa, along with their Japanese and non-Japanese allies as they creatively promoted democracy and international goodwill during the first few decades of the twentieth century, an exciting, but often turbulent period of history.

THE ART OF PEACE comes in two versions: a general reader edition and an ‘expanded’ edition which has an additional 100 pages of historical notes and a comprehensive index to assist researchers.

AVAILABLE THRU AMAZON LINKS BELOW:

General Reader Edition

Expanded Edition

Bibliographical Sources for this blog post:

Courtland Journal (Courtland, Kansas) December 18, 1908, under a column with the heading: “THE COMET”, H. A. Hoyt Publisher” [Technical research details: Please note: It was difficult to discover this newspaper article online, in that no names of the participants were given by the U.S. press. So to find it, required entering the Search words: “Business delegation visits Japan” and the date period “1907-1908” on archival websites. If instead the search words for name of the newspaper “Courtland Journal” with the publication date “December 18, 1908” were used, no successful search results occurred.]
TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com.
Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace, California: Horizon Productions. ISBN 978-0-9903349-2-7
“COMMERCIAL EMISSARIES FROM MIKADO’S LAND ARE GIVEN WELCOME”. “The Butte Miner” (Butte, Montana) page 10. September 15, 1909.
“TO MEET PRESIDENT – TAFT WILL MEET JAPANESE EMISSARIES AT MINNEAPOLIS – Baron Shibusawa Has Message From Emperor to Present to Chief Executive”. The Butte Miner (Butte, Montana). September 15, 1909.
“”JAPANESE VISITORS WHO WERE IN THE CITY YESTERDAY” (Prince Iyesato Tokugawa leads a Japanese goodwill delegation to Washington, D.C. and then to New York City, as part of the gifting of the Cherry Blossom Trees to the United States)”. The New-York Daily Tribune. May 5, 1910.
“JAPAN AFFAIRS ROSY, SAYS ENVOY” Relations with U.S. Decidedly Gratifying, Chinda Declares. Shibusawa Hopes for Lasting Peace. “Greatest Man of Affairs” Ends Strenuous Day as Guest at (Japan) Society Dinner: New-York Tribune, New York, New York, December 3rd, 1915, page 9.
“WILSON MEETS SHIBUSAWA. Welcomes Japanese Financier, Who Also Pays Visit to Lansing.” New York Times, published Dec. 7, 1915

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The 1909 Shibusawa Delegation visits Upstate, New York – U.S. and Japanese leaders come together in friendship over a Century Ago

February 15, 2020 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

The Shibusawa 1909 Delegation is welcomed by the City of Ithaca.

Front cover to a celebratory Event Program/Dinner Menu (six page brochure) honoring the visit of Baron Eiichi Shibusawa & his wife, and his accompanying Japanese goodwill/business delegation.

The description reads:

“To The Honorary COMMERCIAL COMMISSIONERS of Japan and the American Trade Experts at the Ithaca Hotel, Ithaca, New York. U.S.A. Friday, October 8, 1909” – (Photo of beautiful Ithaca Falls.)

1909 Postcard of The Ithaca Hotel, where the event occurred.

Background History on Baron Shibusawa and his 1909 delegation:

Baron Shibusawa is known as the “Father of Japanese capitalism” and frequently referred to as the “Japanese J. P. Morgan.” An industrialist and entrepreneur, he was responsible for introducing Western-style capitalism to Japan during the Emperor Meiji period (1868-1912). With financial interests in railroads, steel, printing, gas, electric, mining, fishing, and oil, Shibusawa quickly became Japan’s wealthiest man. During his long life, Shibusawa helped launch over 500 companies, and was responsible for modernizing Japan’s economic and banking systems, including the introduction of paper notes. At one time, he was the director of seventy companies, however, he resisted direct ownership/control of most of the companies he helped launch, preferring an advisory role instead, giving more freedom for these new companies to determine their own strategies for growth.

Shibusawa founded the Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the First National Bank of Japan – and for two decades, he was the chairman of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce. His priorities went beyond pure profit, when referring to his business ventures, he called it stakeholder capitalism (rather than traditional capitalism). He felt strongly that the growth of a nation, economically and otherwise, depended on the involvement of many stakeholders. While profit was still a significant goal, he often integrated ethical beliefs, and even Confucianism, into his management practices. Beyond his business interests, he utilized his own funds to establish over 600 organizations aimed at social welfare, including hospitals, universities, and disaster relief programs among others.

At the start of the twentieth century, U.S. – Japanese relations reached a new stage, with Japan emerging as an economic powerhouse in the Pacific, combined with its growing military. To ease potential tensions between the two countries and also increase business/financial relations between their nations, a delegation of U.S. businessmen were invited to visit Japan in 1908. This invitation was sent to representatives of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast. This invitation came from the chambers of commerce of six major cities of Japan: Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, and Nagoya. Their invitation was accepted, and approximately sixty U.S. representatives made a tour of Japan, where they were received with generous and even lavish hospitality, not only by the people, but also by the imperial government. Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa were central figures in receiving this U.S. delegation.

-In appreciation for the fine cordiality shown to the U.S. delegation during their 1908 visit to Japan, an invitation in 1909 was now sent to the Japanese to tour the U.S. This invitation came from the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, whose membership included the chambers of commerce of eight principle cities: San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego and Oakland in California, and Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, and Spokane in the Northwest.

Based on this pleasant invitation, in 1909, Baron Shibusawa headed a Japanese delegation to the U.S., which included many of Japan’s most prominent business leaders and notables. They sailed from Yokohama, on August 19, on the American steamship Minnesota, and arrived first in Seattle, Washington, on Wednesday, Sept. 1st. They left Seattle on Sept. 6th, and began their journey visiting 53 cities from the West coast to Boston, and returning from New York back to Los Angeles and then to San Francisco.

Of the fifty-eight members in this Japanese delegation, six were women (five of them the wives of the commissioners), thirteen private secretaries, and thirty-nine commissioners. They would travel 11, 000 miles thru-out the U.S. before returning home. This delegation included nine members of the Japanese parliament, two of the largest banking houses were represented by Baron Shibusawa, and the bank of Mitsui & Co. represented by Kenzo Iwahara, Managing Director. There were six other bankers in the group, and also representatives of nearly every line of industry and commerce, including the ownership and management of electric railways, shipbuilding, manufacturing of silk and cotton, exporting and importing, and stock market brokerage – The professions of law and medicine were also represented, as well as some well-known Japanese educators, authors, and newspaper writers.

Their main goals were to develop friendship between the two nations while encouraging bilateral trade and commerce. This sentiment was repeatedly expressed by Shibusawa and other commission members, as well as by their American hosts. The delegation made the news across the United States, during the course of their three month journey. They traveled in a specially outfitted ‘Million Dollar Train,’ provided by the American industrial community. Their meetings included many chambers of commerce. There were also tours of factories, power plants, fire departments, port facilities, mines, farms, schools, universities, libraries, theaters, churches, hospitals, and many other facilities.

1909 – Ithaca, New York – Raised observation platform with a crowd gathered awaiting a Train’s arrival – This postcard gives a sense of the welcoming reception given for the Japanese Delegation.

November 1909 photo from The Coast magazine (Seattle, Washington).

Baron and Baroness Shibusawa (front center), with the other Japanese delegates and their wives, pose at the Forestry Building at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. The delegation included bankers, presidents of the chambers of commerce from the largest cities in Japan, businessmen who were members of the Japanese Diet (Japanese Congress), and several Japanese consuls general, who were stationed in the United States. Delegates included representatives of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, lawyers, publishers, journalists, as well as a university professor and a physician. (Note: The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition was a world’s fair held in Seattle, Washington, publicizing the development of the Pacific Northwest. The fairgrounds became the campus of the University of Washington.) The Japanese delegation’s trip was arranged by Asahi, one of the largest newspapers in Japan (which is currently known as The Asahi Shimbun (朝日新聞).

At the train station in the City of Ithaca, a large reception was given for their honored Japanese visitors – This greeting party included the city’s current Mayor and nine former Mayors. Also attending were five former Presidents of the Village of Ithaca, as well as representatives of Cornell University, including Dean Charles H. Hull, members of his staff, along with eight Cornell professors. Also there to respectfully receive them were the student president and members of the Japanese Club of Cornell. The Ithaca Business Men’s Association, along with many others attended, as displayed in the Menu/Program.

To make the visitors’ experience in the U.S. more enjoyable, six members of the Associated Chambers of Commerce volunteered to accompany their Japanese friends/business colleagues, to assist in managing the events along their journey. Those six individuals are also highlighted within the Menu/Program.

In addition to the above, the U.S. government recognized the international significance of this Japanese visit and sent three U.S. representatives to accompany and be of assistance during their travels.

During their time in the U.S., they were greeted by many distinguished American leaders including President William Howard Taft, whom Baron Shibusawa and Prince Tokugawa had already befriended years earlier, when Taft had served as minister of war, under President Theodore Roosevelt.

Shibusawa and his delegation were also greeted by the inventor Thomas Alva Edison of General Electric, and James Jerome Hill of Great Northern Railway. When their continental journey ended, they left San Francisco on November 30, traveling to Honolulu, Hawaii, then arriving in Japan on December 17, 1909. With them, they carried fresh information on a wide range of industries, as well as many new cultural insights.

The stated goals of the Japanese delegation were:

-To increase and extend trade relations between the U.S. and Japan

-Improve personal acquaintances and friendly relations between representatives of both nations.

*It is significant to note that the U.S. Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1912, just three years after the 1909 visit of the Shibusawa delegation – It is most likely that this highly publicized Japanese business visit served as a catalyst connecting chambers of commerce across America into becoming a national organization. President Taft was one of the U.S. leaders that Shibusawa met with during his visit, and Taft is recognized as one of those who encouraged the establishment of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, to support and enhance the economy of the United States.

A lavish meal, followed by Five Minute Talks – This illustration and the four that follow are part of the Event Program/Dinner Menu brochure presented earlier.

Japanese Delegates, along with those who managed the Party. This list is also presented with additional information in Note [1]

American Representatives attending the event. This list is also presented with additional information in Note [2]

Committee Members – This list of notable citizens of Ithaca, is also presented with additional information in the Notes [3]

Committee Members (continued) the notable civic and business leaders of the Ithaca community, who put the Program together, were Speakers, arranged the Dinner, Decorations, and Music, and were part of the Evening Reception. *See Note [4] for more info about the two prominent speakers Robert H. Treman and Jared T. Newman

View of Cornell University – Ithaca, N.Y. – 1909 Postcard

Below is the top segment of a newspaper article that gave an overview of the Japanese delegates’ three month tour and also highlighted the hospitality they had received in the city of Buffalo, New York, three days prior to their reception in Ithaca. [The Buffalo Commercial – 05 Oct. 1909, Tue • Page 1]

– The Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation / Museum (located in Japan) honors and preserves the legacy of Baron Shibusawa and his allies – Their website is: https://www.shibusawa.or.jp/english/museum/

The Honorary COMMERCIAL COMMISSIONERS of Japan felt so appreciative for the fine treatment they had received during their visit, that when they returned to Japan, they sent back a gift to the U.S.A..

It was given to a representative of Northwestern New York State, F. W. Rosenberger, Esq., a member of the City of Buffalo, New York Chamber of Commerce. He was also one of the U.S. representatives who attended the above event in Ithaca, New York. It is a Japanese silver two handled presentation cup on a square pedestal inscribed in Japanese on the base on one side, and in English on the other side, as shown in the below photos.

Decorated with Japanese dragon emblems around the top rim and an American eagle symbol in the circular area between them.

The English inscription reads:

Presented to F W Rosenberger, Esq. by the honorary commercial commissioners of Japan to U.S.A. 1909.

Marked Tamonten Tokio and signed in Japanese.

Meiji period. Height 5 1/2″ Length 8″. Weight 28.25 troy oz.

This silver trophy was sent as a return gift from “The Honorary Commercial Commissioners of Japan to the U.S.A” (渡米実業団) to the people who took care of them.

The Japanese writing on the base of the above silver gift lists the names of many of the Japanese visitors who toured the U.S.A.

Further information about this gift is available in Note 5 in the Notes Section at the end of this blog post.

*The historical content for this article was discovered while researching for an illustrated biography.

This biography comes in two versions: The Art of Diplomacy and The Art of Peace. Both highlight the Japanese international statesmen Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (aka Prince Tokugawa Iesato) and his allies, such as Baron Eiichi Shibusawa – These true humanitarians devoted their lives to creatively promoting peaceful international relations, a prosperous global economy, and democracy – Two decades of historical research was combined with the discovery of hundreds of rare illustrations, to reveal many significant unknown events that shaped the destinies of the United States and Japan.

PRINT & KINDLE EDITION

DIGITAL EBOOK EDITION [includes an additional 100 pages of historical notes to assist researchers]

NOTES FOR THIS BLOG POST

Note 1 –

List of the 1909 Japanese Delegates:

Baron Eiichi Shibusawa

M. Masuda, Private Secretary

Baroness Shibusawa

Miss Takanashi, Companion (niece of Baron and Baroness Shibusawa)

Michio Doi

Nagatake Fujiye

Rinnosuke Hara

I. Tanabe, Private Secretary

Ryuta Hara

Heizayemon Hibiya

R. S. Iiri, Private Secretary

Zenjuro Horikoshi

Madame Horikoshi

Tamenosuke Ishibashi

Morimatsu Ito

K. Kubota, Artist

Kenzo Iwahara

Yeinosuke Iwamoto

Suyeo Iwaya

T. Kadono

H. S. Hibi, Attendant

Kinnosuke Kamino

Baron Naibu Kanda

Baroness Kanda

Kunizo Koike

H. Iida, Private Secretary

Dr. T. Kumagae

Tokunosuke Machida

Kojiro Matsukata

G. Masaoka, Private Secretary

Toshio Matsumura

K. Midzuno Consul General

Madame Midzuno

Dr. Takajiro Minami

Buyei Nakano

T. Kato, Private Secretary

Kaichiro Nezu

S. Uyeda, Private Secretary

Nariyoshi Nishiike

J. Nishimura

Bokushin Oi

S. Oi. Attendant

K. Otani

K. Kameda, Private Secretary

Heibei Sakaguchi

K. Shibahara, Private Secretary

Sakutaro Satake

W. Natori, Private Secretary

A. Shito

K. Soda

Shingoro Takaishi

Narazo Takatsuji

Kumejiro Taki

S. Saito, Private Secretary

Madame Taki

Shinkichi Tamura

Torajiro Watase

Motosada Zumoto – also accompanied Baron Shibusawa when he returned to the U.S. in 1915, and a banquet was held to honor him. This 1915 diplomatic event attended by former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt & William Howard Taft – A PHOTO of that diplomatic gathering is presented as part of another Blog post on TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com) – M. Zumoto served as the translator and secretary for Baron Shibusawa – He was also a part owner and editor of The Japan Times – Japan’s largest and oldest English-language daily newspaper, currently published by The Japan Times, Ltd. (株式会社ジャパンタイムズ) of Tokyo. In addition, M. Zumoto was the Director of the Oriental Information Agency of New York.

K. Matsubara

M. Nagai

Y. Numano

M. Kawasaki

T. Tanaka

H. Kozuka

Tokugoro Nakahashi

S. Murata, Private Secretary

Names of those who managed the 1909 event in Ithaca, New York

Consul General K. Midzuno (Consul General Midzuno also in a 1915 photo when Baron Shibusawa visited the U.S. again and a banquet was held to honor him, which was attended by former President Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft). A PHOTOGRAPH of that event is presented as a Blog post on the website: TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com). Consul General Midzuno is one of the Japanese officials linked to the Japanese gifting of the cherry blossom trees to the U.S. Capital in 1910 and 1912.

T. Kato

M. Kawasaki

H. Kozuka

Note 2 –

American Representatives at the 1909 Ithaca event

Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast

J. D. Lowman, Seattle, President

C. H. Hyde, Tacoma

Charles Stallman, San Francisco

O. M. Clark, Portland

H. Z. Osborne, Los Angeles

C. Herbert Moore, Spokane

Secretaries

Miss Elizabeth Gavlyn,

Miss Camilla Easty

U.S. Government

Roger S. Greene – State Department

Jackson S. Elliott – from Washington, D.C., representing Associated Press for the U.S. Dept. of Commerce and Labor

Professor John Paul Goode – University of Chicago

Other U.S. Representatives

Professor S. W. Gilman – from the University of Wisconsin, representing the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Milwaukee, and Duluth.

F. W. Rosenberger – from the city of Buffalo, he represented the Northwestern New York.

W. H. Manes – of the Chicago Association of Commerce, represents the cities of Chicago, Des Moines, and Omaha.

Governor David Rowland Francis (October 1, 1850 – January 15, 1927) was an American politician and diplomat. He served in various positions including Mayor of St. Louis, the 27th Governor of Missouri, and United States Secretary of the Interior. He was the U.S. Ambassador to Russia between 1916 and 1917, during the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was a Wilsonian Democrat. After graduating from University, David R. Francis became a successful businessman in St. Louis and served as the president of a grain merchant’s exchange. The St. Louis Mining and Stock Exchange was formed in St. Louis in the fall of 1880 with Francis as a founding member. Source: Wikipedia.

Note 3–

Below is a transcription of the names of the Committee Members for the 1909 event:

Reception at Train Station

Honorable Randolph Horton Mayor of the City of Ithaca, N.Y.

Former Mayors:

Jared T. Newman

Bradford Almy

George W. Miller

William R. Gunderman

William C. Elmendorf

David B. Stewart

Leroy G. Todd

Clinton D. Bouton

Henry A. St. John

Former Presidents of the Village of Ithaca:

Albert H. Platts

P. Frank Sisson

Charles J. Rumsey

Collingwood B. Brown

D. Waite Burdick

Business Men’s Association:

Charles C. Howell, President

Former Presidents:

Francis M. Bush

Edwin Gillette

George H. Baker

Representatives of Cornell University:

Dean Charles H. Hull

Emmons L. Williams, Treasurer

Professor Henry H. Wing

Professor Othan C. Guerlac

Professor Arthur W. Browne

Professor Charles H. Tuck

Professor Henry N. Ogden

Professor Martin W. Sampson

Professor Ernest Merritt

Roscoe G. Edlund, President’s Secretary

Japanese Club of Cornell:

Shiro Sano, President

N. Kuroda

T. Odaira

M. Morita

T. Ogata

S. Nakamigawa

J. Murakami

T. Okabe

Marshal: Paul S. Millspaugh

Executive:

Honorable George E. Priest

Honorable Randolph Horton

Julius M. Clapp

James B. Taylor

Charles C. Howell

William M. Driscoll

Finance

Jacob Rothschild

Oliver L. Dean

Nathan Hanford

Thomas G. Miller

Fred C. Barr

James A. McKinney

Patrick Wall

Cornell University Campus:

Dean Charles H. Hull

Treasurer E. L. Williams

Press:

Bert R. Mitchell

Bryan B Dunne

Lewis A. Clapp

Automobiles to pick up visitors:

J. Mitchell Morrison

Honorable Edwin C. Stewart

Herbert L. Cobb Earnest D. Button

Ebenezer M. Treman

Louis P. Smith

F. Harry Warner

Ernest D. Button

Note 4- Robert Henry Treman (1858-1937) was one of the two speakers at the 1909 event honoring the visit of the Shibusawa Delegation.

Based on the author of this article’s enthusiasm for nature and his prior visits to beautiful upstate New York, here is some additional information about Robert Henry Treman, who was an amazing environmentalist and nature lover: Treman was born into an influential Ithaca family in 1858. He attended local schools and Cornell University and joined the family hardware business in Ithaca in 1878. During his association it grew from a small local business to a large corporation. His family also owned an iron foundry, and they had controlling interests in the Tompkins County Bank, the Ithaca Gas Light Company, and the Ithaca Water Works. The Treman family acquired land around Buttermilk Falls and other creeks in case they needed to tap the water for their company. In 1891 he was elected director of a local bank and in 1932 became Chairman of what was eventually known as the Tompkins County Trust Company. He was also a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1913 to 1931.

In 1891, Treman also became a trustee of Cornell University, a post he held for 45 years. He worked with fellow trustee Henry Sackett to improve the Cascadilla and Fall Creek glens near the Cornell campus. This period after the Civil War was a time of increasing awareness of the America’s natural environment. The Trustees of Reservations was established in Massachusetts in 1891 to protect the natural environment in that state. California quickly followed suit. By the 1920s the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society had become prominent. A movement to establish state parks grew up, encouraged by the increased interest in automobile touring.

About 1915, as Treman was bringing friends to visit the Enfield gorge — a well-known Ithaca scenic destination — he noted the decline in the hamlet of Enfield Falls. Remembering his family association from his childhood days, he made arrangements to buy the mill as well as the miller’s house. He closed the mill, which was still operating, temporarily. During World War I, Treman and his wife Laura continued to buy properties in the area. In 1920, when most of the property in the hamlet of Enfield Falls had been acquired, Robert and Laura donated the land to New York State to establish a state park to be called Enfield Glen Reservation. Treman was chairman of the Enfield Falls Reservation Commission from 1920 to 1924. He also donated land, which had been acquired as a possible water source for the city of Ithaca, along Buttermilk Creek to create another park in 1923. He then continued to serve as Chairman of the Finger Lakes Commission, which also oversaw other parks in the area, from 1924 until his death in 1937.

[Source of the above biographical info: The Friends of Robert H. Treman State Park, chartered thru the State Education Department of the State of New York. Its purpose is to conduct educational and history-related programs, services, and activities in keeping with the nature of the park, to assist in fund raising activities, the purchase of objects, equipment, and supplies for the benefit of the park, and to support this park for the benefit of the local community, the residents of the State of New York, and the general public.]

– Jared Treman Newman – the other listed speaker at the 1909 event honoring the visit of the Shibusawa Delegation – Jared Treman Newman was an Ithaca, New York attorney, 1893-1896, and Mayor, 1907-1908; Cornell University Trustee, 1895-1903 and 1907-1933; and a bank official. Cornell University Class of 1875.

NOTE 5

Further details about the silver gift given by the Honorary Commercial Commissioners are as follows: Its photo appears on the gravure page of the following book, and the circumstances are described on page 627 of the following book.

渡米實業團誌 | WorldCat.org

https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/1020991311

渡米實業圃誌 – Tobei Jitsugyōdan – Google ブックス

https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=HBOlWY_1Q30C

Parts of this book is cited in “Shibusawa Eiichi Denki Shiryo,” which states that Rosenberger was a member of the Buffalo Chamber of Commerce and served as the Northwest New York State representative when accepting the Honorary Commercial Commissioners of Japan.

第32巻（DK320013k）本文｜デジタル版『渋沢栄一伝記資料』｜渋沢栄一｜公益財団法人渋沢栄一記念財団

https://eiichi.shibusawa.or.jp/denkishiryo/digital/main/index.php?DK320013k_text#DK320013k-0005

紐育州西北部代表者（バッファロー商業会議所会員）

エフ・ダブリュー・ローゼンバァガー殿

A Time Capsule to Cornell University from over a Century Ago. Looking for suggestions and assistance to bring its fascinating contents to life through a documentary film, an illustrated book, and classroom curriculum.

February 13, 2020 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

This Photo/Memory Album Presents a Intimate View of Student Life during the early 1900s.

By Dr. Stan S. Katz – February 14^th, 2021

Most of the blog posts that you’ll find on this website are linked to historical relations between the U.S. and Japan. However, on occasion another interesting historical topic is discovered that sparks the imagination and inspires the sharing of its story with others.

This Cornell University project began a dozen years ago in 2008, while exploring the Del Mar Antique Fair in southern California, when this maroon-colored, very old photo album/scrapbook with the white letter “C” printed on its cover caught my eye. The seller didn’t know much of the history linked to it, other than that it was connected to Cornell University, and that at least thirty individuals that morning had immersed themselves while examining its fascinating contents.

Having once been an antiquarian bookstore owner, this description grabbed my attention. After just a few minutes of scanning the amazing variety of items in the album, I knew that many other folks would enjoy this time capsule to university life from the distant past – So I purchased the album, thinking that one day I’d figure out how best to share this engaging material.

The album had been owned by a Cornell student, Melvin Lorrel Nichols (1894-1981), who majored in Chemistry, which coincidentally, was also my major at Brooklyn College (Class of 1973). However, Melvin graduated from Cornell almost a half century earlier, attending as an undergrad from 1914-1918. And it is specifically those four years that his album depicts. Melvin would later become a significant member of the Cornell Chemistry Dept. teaching staff for almost four decades.

Top section of a university yearbook page from “The Cornellian and Class Book 1918”. It presents several members of the graduating class, including Melvin Nichols third from the left. Melvin’s nicknames were “Pete” and “Nick”.

Below are some ephemera from the period: a 1914 musical event and some colorful 1916 postcards.

From his earliest days, Melvin saved diverse mementos of his time spent at Cornell. Above is the first page of the large album (10.25 x 13 inches, and 3 inches thick). Please note a future presentation of this material for a eBook or documentary film would scan and highlight each of these historical items to a higher image resolution than what is available for this blog post presentation.

Below is an enlarged section from the above album page:

Both sides of the thirty-four pages of this album are filled with rare historical materials – Melvin was amazingly meticulous, his album displays interesting ephemera from all four of his student years, with many photos of him with his friends/fellow students. There is also a wide array of letters, student event pamphlets, colorful period postcards, newspaper clippings of intermural sport events, along with the original tickets to some of those games, and news clippings for other Cornell related topics. The illustration to the left displays his receipt for transporting his trunk up the hill during his first day at the school.

There is also the Cornell Freshman Handbook that he describes as the “Frosh Bible”, which contains 168 pages filled with the relevant topics that incoming students needed know about their school’s academic activities, fraternity and sorority related info, and a directory to city services to meet their needs, giving insights to life in the City of Ithaca during that period. The album also presents photos of fanciful university pageants, celebrations, and public events.

And with those years being impacted by World War One, some of Melvin’s photos are linked to the ROTC. As a senior, Melvin was temporarily drafted into the military. Despite the tragic backdrop of war, this album instead gives a sense of a pleasant & meaningful university experience being had, with Melvin most appreciative to have been able to attend Cornell with the financial support of student grants from the university.

Below is an enlarged photo from the prior illustration:

This album goes beyond exclusively revealing university life at Cornell, it also intimately presents what student life was probably like at hundreds of other fine universities during the early nineteen hundreds, prior to our current high tech computerized age, filled with its smart cell phones, Facebook, and social networking which has in many ways changed how we relate to one another. Early presidents of Cornell strove to create a sense of community among the students and faculty; they wanted their surroundings to have natural and poetic beauty, while also honoring the impressive stately architectural designs from the past – It was their intention that this would inspire students to feel better about themselves and the world they lived.

One of the goals of this blog post/illustrated article is to introduce this unique view of the past to others, perhaps leading to potential future joint historical/educational/entertainment projects. Whether it be as an illustrated eBook, an online museum exhibit, the source for a documentary on Cornell’s history, or perhaps, even an animated film that brings these photos and documents to life. Those who might interest in these creative pursuits such as historians, Cornell’s Alumni Association, those in media, such as film, and others, are invited to discuss the possibilities through the below email contacts. These email addresses are linked to an historical biography and novel titled: The Art of Peace & The Emperor and the Spy written by the author of this article. Those books also began with the acquisition of a rare collection historical documents.

[email protected]

-Besides the Album’s wonderful 250 items to draw from, there’s an additional one hundred antique items linked to Cornell history that have been collected, which could contribute to a colorful reminiscent sense of that period. These include Cornell’s illustrated yearbook, “The Cornellian and Class Book 1918”.

Additional biographical details about Melvin Lorrel Nichols, the creator of the 1914-1918 Cornell Album:

Born: November 30, 1894 in city of Dayton, Ohio.

Died: March 29^th, 1981 in California.

Melvin Lorrel “Pete” Nichols was a chemistry professor and author.

Early life:

Nichols was the son of Joseph Wiseman Nichols, a cabinetmaker, and Sarah Rebecca Heidelbaugh. He was the youngest of six children. [Source: Geneology.com]

Personal life:

Melvin married Mary N. Bancroft in 1926. They had one daughter, Sarah, “Sally”.

Career:

Nichols was awarded his PhD from Cornell University in 1922. His thesis was “Dinitrosoresorcinol as a reagent for the quantitative determination of cobalt in the presence of nickel and other metals of the third group”.

He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in Chemistry in 1929. (See Note 1)

Nichols was on the faculty at Cornell University from 1923-1962, rising to become Emeritus Professor of Chemistry.

“Pete” Nichols’ wrote two textbooks on analytical chemistry: Gas Analysis, co-authored with L.M. Dennis, and a Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry.

In 1950, Pete Nichols agreed to become Executive Director of Cornell’s Chemistry Department, a new position which involved supervision of the support facilities and the non-academic staff of what had become a large and complex establishment. He held this position until his retirement in 1962.

A letter of Tribute to Melvin Lorrel Nichols was written by fellow members of the Cornell faculty. (Note 2)

OVERVIEW OF THIS MEMORY ALBUM

1-It is engaging and entertaining, with a backdrop of nostalgia.

2-This relic is in many ways a commemorative to a young man and future imminent professor.

3-It is a testimonial, offering a unique window to student life at a fine university over a century ago, to the friendships and the various on and off campus activities of that time.

4-It depicts the academic and social values that were thought necessary to be passed on to future generations, representing a Window to the past.

5-It must be emphasized that this Cornell album assembled and protected hundreds of historical items called ephemera that would have otherwise been lost forever. The below definition of ephemera comes from The Ephemera Society of America:

“Precious primary source information . . . that is what the ephemera world considers its bits and bobs of vintage (and current), usually paper items. Much of it was likely expected, back in its day, to be briefly useful then discarded. Today such items which have survived the vagaries of time often reveal things we might not otherwise ever learn. A story last year in the New York Times reported the stunning information that NASA—unthinkably—had somehow managed to lose the original tapes of Mankind’s first landing on the moon! Surely this monumentally important video document was expected to be carefully coddled and treasured forever. And yet even something as priceless as that somehow proved ephemeral. As it happens, derivative copies do exist, so that particular record has not totally disappeared. But it could have. If information as important as that could be so easily lost for eternity, imagine how much lesser—yet culturally relevant—historical information has indeed been lost with the passage of time. Each collected piece of surviving paper Americana serves up information, and some of it available nowhere else on earth. One person’s trash is another person’s treasure.

“In a nutshell, to collectors “ephemera” are vintage printed or written items which originally served some specific purpose and were not expected to be retained or preserved, but which are now cherished. A few decades ago much of it was called “Paper Americana”, though ephemera is not necessarily American. Or even paper: these days the field has been expanded to include such things as tobacco tins, photographs, radio premiums, textile swatches, vinyl record albums, items made of celluloid or wood. Also included are various items which were indeed likely to have been saved, such as wedding invitations, marriage certificates, passports, birth certificates, wills, deeds, divorce papers, stock certificates, promissory notes, and many other vintage documents…

“Maurice Rickards, author of the definitive Encyclopedia of Ephemera and a founder of The Ephemera Society in England, dubbed such items “the minor transient documents of everyday life.” That organization says that—produced to meet the needs of the day—“such items reflect the moods and mores of past times in a way that more formal records cannot.” Besides being enjoyable to find and collect, vintage ephemera is valuable primary source information which offers unique windows into cultures past.”

(Note 3) presents more information about The Ephemera Society of America.

This Album might contribute to Classroom Curriculum:

Classroom Discussion Questions:

A-What does a well-rounded university education mean? As an individual and as a society, what makes us who we are culturally and academically, what are those values?

B-This album might serve as a springboard for classroom discussions about how the world has changed and in what ways have things remained the same?

C-Are there lessons that can be learned from that period a century ago, that might well serve us in our modern world?

D-As a related research project, there could be interviews of current university students, alumni, and faculty to hear their response to the album, giving an intergenerational insights to the interpretation of its contents.

E- In our time of rapidly advancing technology, filled with uncertainties regarding the future, this album invites students to compare life then and now, to recognize our roots, the values of our ancestors, and the foundation of who we are. Does this album perhaps serve as a compass/roadmap to cherished values of our society from long ago?

F-The album could augment the presentation of related historical material, such as the events of World War One. How did that conflict impact student life and the ways students saw themselves? Has the role of intra-mural sports in university life changed? The possibilities continues as the project unveils new insights into the album’s contents.

G-Are there universal values? Where are we going as a society and as a world? What might we be losing or gaining in the process of moving forward? The album is a sociological study into human nature, then and now.

NOTES

Note 1 – In 1929, Professor Melvin Lorrel Nichols was honored by receiving a Guggenheim Fellowship. That award is intended for individuals who have already demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability.

Fellowships are awarded through two annual competitions: one open to citizens and permanent residents of the United States and Canada, and the other open to citizens and permanent residents of Latin America and the Caribbean. Candidates must apply to the Guggenheim Foundation in order to be considered in either of these competitions.

The Foundation receives approximately 3,000 applications each year. Although no one who applies is guaranteed success in the competition, there is no prescreening: all applications are reviewed. Approximately 175 Fellowships are awarded each year.

During the rigorous selection process, applicants will first be pooled with others working in the same field, and examined by experts in that field: the work of artists will be reviewed by artists, that of scientists by scientists, that of historians by historians, and so on. The Foundation has a network of several hundred advisers, who either meet at the Foundation offices to look at applicants’ work, or receive application materials to read offsite. These advisers, all of whom are themselves former Guggenheim Fellows, then submit reports critiquing and ranking the applications in their respective fields. Their recommendations are then forwarded to and weighed by a Committee of Selection, which then determines the number of awards to be made in each area. Occasionally, no application in a given area is considered strong enough to merit a Fellowship.

The Committee of Selection then forwards its recommendations to the Board of Trustees for final approval. The successful candidates in the United States and Canada competition are announced in early April; those in the Latin America and Caribbean competition, in early June. The Guggenheim Fellowship organization guarantees that their advisers and Committee of Selection members, as well as those who submit letters of reference, absolute confidentiality. Therefore, under no circumstances will the reasons for the rejection of an application be provided.

Source for Note 1: The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation website: https://www.gf.org/about/fellowship/

That organization’s website presents the below photo and technical details linked to Professor Nichols being honored with a Guggenheim Fellowship:

MELVIN L. NICHOLS

Fellow: Awarded 1929

Field of Study: Chemistry

Competition: U.S. & Canada

Born: 11-30-1894

Died: 03-29-1981

As published in the Foundation’s Report for 1929–30:

Nichols, Melvin Lorrel: Appointed to make a study of the adsorption of anions by barium sulphate and a study of the conductivity of alkylated ammonia salts in non-aqueous solvents, in certain German and Austrian laboratories; tenure, twelve months from July 15, 1929.

Born November 30, 1894, at Dayton, Ohio.

Education: Cornell University, B. Chem., 1918, Ph. D., 1922.

Instructor in Analytical Chemistry, 1918–22, Assistant Professor, 1922—, Cornell University.

Publications: “Gas Analysis,” 1929. Articles and reviews in Journal of the American Chemical Society, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Journal of Physical Chemistry.

Note 2 – Cornell University Faculty Memorial Statement

Source: http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/17813

Melvin L. Nichols

November 30, 1894 — March 29, 1981

Melvin L. “Pete” Nichols, emeritus professor of chemistry, who died March 29, 1981, at the age of eighty-six, enjoyed a career that almost perfectly characterizes a true-blue Cornellian. He was, in fact, a member of that very small group of our faculty that had been personally acquainted with every Cornell president. As Melvin Nichols, he left his home town of Dayton, Ohio, in 1914 to enter Cornell as a freshman. He remained in Ithaca, known to his many friends as Pete, until 1978, when, in failing health, he moved to California to be close to his only daughter, Sally. After receiving his Bachelor of Chemistry degree in 1918, he was appointed an instructor in chemistry at Cornell and simultaneously embarked on a graduate study program under Professor Orndorf, majoring in organic chemistry. He was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1922 and was promptly appointed assistant professor in chemistry. He remained on the chemistry faculty until his retirement in 1962.

Nichols’s field of teaching and research was analytical chemistry, and for many years he was unofficial head of the analytical teaching group of the Chemistry Department. He wrote two textbooks on analytical chemistry, Gas Analysis, coauthored with L. M. Dennis, and Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry. In 1950, Nichols agreed to become executive director of Cornell’s Chemistry Department, a new position which involved supervision of the support facilities and the nonacademic staff of what had become a large and complex establishment. He held this position until his retirement in 1962.

The forty-eight years of Pete Nichols’s life as a student and teacher at Cornell were years of great change for Cornell chemistry. The science itself became more physical and more theoretical. Applied fields such as agricultural chemistry, sanitary chemistry, and chemical microscopy, which had once been central at Cornell, were spun off or phased out. Industrial chemistry was transformed into chemical engineering and moved into the College of Engineering for its separate and independent development. There was a disastrous fire in 1916 which destroyed Morse Hall, the chemistry building; fortunately, a splendid new Baker Laboratory building opened in 1922. That chemistry at Cornell survived these changes and indeed grew stronger and more effective over the years was due in large measure to the successful adjustments and continuing contributions of Pete Nichols and other faculty members of his generation. Cornell is in their debt.

In 1926 Nichols married Mary Bancroft, the attractive and lively-minded daughter of one of Cornell’s eminent chemistry professors, Wilder D. Bancroft. When newcomers to Cornell first learned of this marriage, they were prone to mutter something about “marrying the boss’s daughter,” and were chagrined to learn that the true situation had been almost the exact opposite. Nichols was a coworker and protégé of the other strong-willed Cornell chemist of the time, L. M. Dennis, and Dennis and Bancroft had a long-established and well developed dislike of each other. Hence, to Dennis, a Nichols involvement with a Bancroft was akin to joining up with the enemy. It is a tribute to his tact and his persistence that Pete Nichols rode out the storm and kept his Cornell position.

Mary Nichols died suddenly in 1967, and Pete Nichols lived on alone in Ithaca, actively involved with his wide circle of friends. He will be missed by his Ithaca friends and colleagues as well as by the hundreds of Cornell students that he taught.

Albert W. Laubengayer,

William T. Miller,

Franklin A. Long

Cornell

Note 3 – History of the Ephemera Society of America from their website:

A small band of collectors interested in promoting the collecting, study, and preservation of ephemera established the Ephemera Society of America (ESA) in 1980, to serve as a link between and among collectors, archivists, researchers and dealers, and to encourage interest in all aspects of vintage paper. Five years earlier, in 1975, Maurice Rickards and his associates in England had established The Ephemera Society of the United Kingdom., and similar organizations have arisen in Canada, Austria, and Australia.

Shortly after ESA was formed, it was granted non-profit tax-exempt status as an educational organization. The society embarked upon a publishing program to educate its members and the general public about the world of ephemera. Issue #1 of our Ephemera News newsletter came out in the summer of 1981, and this regular newsletter continues its unbroken publication run to the present time. Printed as ink-on-paper until mid-2011, it is now entitled eNews and sent electronically each month to every member. ENews delivers news, details on conferences and other activities, a calendar of upcoming shows and events, auction notes, new book notices, links to stories of interest, announcements and other content of interest to ephemerists.

ESA publishes The Ephemera Journal, a highly regarded print publication devoted solely to illustrated scholarly articles on many different topics. Journal authors have included faculty and staff from a long list of distinguished institutions including the American Antiquarian Society, Winterthur, the Huntington Library, the Library Company of Philadelphia, Colonial Williamsburg, the Clements Library, Brown University and many other distinguished organizations. Many fine articles have come from independent scholars and collectors. https://www.ephemerasociety.org/

About the Author:

Stan S. Katz wrote the historical novel The Emperor and the Spy about an adventurous, high ranking U.S. intelligence agent Colonel Sidney Mashbir. He also authored the illustrated biography The Art of Peace about Prince Tokugawa Iesato, heir to the last Shogun of Japan. But when that dynasty ended, Prince Tokugawa instead became an international statesman who promoted good relations between U.S. and Japan.

Stan’s journey into historical writing began while he was the owner of two antiquarian bookstores. It was through these bookstores that he acquired the secret personal papers Colonel Mashbir. During the 1920s and ‘30s prior to WWII, Mashbir allied with many influential, peace loving Japanese leaders in an attempt maintain goodwill between their nations. Two of Mashbir’s closest Japanese allies were Prince Tokugawa Iesato and Baron Shibusawa Eiichi. Regrettably, WWII could not be prevented.

During his long military career, Mashbir served closely with General John Joseph Pershing during WWI, and Admiral Joseph King and General Douglas MacArthur during WWII. As one of MacArthur’s closest intelligence advisors, Mashbir took a pivotal role in shortening WWII in the Pacific. And during the post-war Occupation of Japan, he guided the U.S. and Japan to once again become allies. Colonel Mashbir’s primary source collection of historical documents unveiled significant unknown U.S. Japan relations during the first half of the twentieth century.

The website TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com presents many blog posts containing important rare and never before available photos and written documents linked to U.S. Japan history…One of these blog posts highlights a 1909 visit by Baron Shibusawa to Ithaca, New York, where the president of Cornell University, along with many Cornell professors, the mayor of the Ithaca, and other prominent individuals assembled to greet their honored guest from Japan. Baron Shibusawa Eiichi is remembered as a great humanitarian who promoted friendship between the East and the West, and is known as the Father of Modern Japanese Capitalism.

Based on Katz’s curiosity for international relations, for many years he’s been a member of and on the board of directors for the San Diego World Affairs Council, which is a local chapter the World Affairs Councils of America. Through this fine non-profit, non-partisan international affairs educational forum, he’s attended many fascinating presentations and met ambassadors, consul generals, and other political, economic, academic, and military representatives from around the globe. You’re invited to visit their websites to learn more about these organizations.

1915 – Former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft secretly attended a diplomatic banquet sponsored by the Japan Society of New York, honoring the visit of Baron Shibusawa Eiichi. Their goal to strengthen the future US Japan alliance for World War One.

February 11, 2020 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

Photo above: William Howard Taft (next to the gentleman whose image reveals only half of his face)

Photo below: Theodore Roosevelt (centered beneath the chandelier)

These rare photos are segments from a much larger 1915 photo (20 x 12 inches) that presents the many guests at this U.S. Japan diplomatic event. This antique photo appears to be the only one in existence. It was discovered while researching for the illustrated biography on Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, titled: The Art of Peace.

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940) and his close ally Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (1840-1931), along with their Japanese and non-Japanese supporters devoted themselves to creatively encouraging international goodwill and promoting democratic principles.

The entire 1915 group photo is shown within another blog post on this website. That blog post presents enlarged images of all of the sixty-five attendees and there is also a description the significant topics discussed during this gathering – Historians and family members are invited to assist in identifying the guests at this event; a dozen have thus far been recognized.

This 1915 photo is a time capsule which gives a fuller understanding of the history of U.S. Japan relations and a window to the exciting world of New York City during the early twentieth century. Several of the attendees thus far identified were actively part of the goodwill organization the Japan Society of New York City, which began in 1907, and actively continues to this day.

The below illustrations are from a 1910-1911 Japan Society of New York City publication which highlights the membership of the organization. This membership list will likely to be helpful in identifying many of the distinguished guests attending this significant 1915 event linked to the alliance between the U.S. and Japan, and with other Allied nations during World War One.

Below are several leading members of the Japan Society of New York City that have already been identified as attendees at the 1915 banquet event:

Jacob H. Schiff – Honorary Vice-President of Japan Society

Dr. Jokichi Takamine – Honorary Vice-President and Life Member of Japan Society

Consul-General K. Midzuno – Executive Committee of Japan Society

Dr. John H. Finley – Executive Committee of Japan Society

M. Zumoto – Executive Committee of Japan Society

Baron Eiichi Shibusawa – Life Member of the Japan Society

*Prince Iyesato Tokugawa – was a political ally of Baron Shibusawa. Prince Tokugawa was not at the 1915 event, but he is listed as being a Life Member of the Japan Society.

Below is the General Annual Membership List of the Japan Society – Some of these prestigious individuals might also have attended the 1915 dinner event honoring Baron Eiichi Shibusawa’s visit.

This Japan Society publication highlighted the 1853 visit to Japan by Commodore Perry which helped launch many years of friendship between the U.S and Japan.

Here is the link to the blog post that presents the entire 1915 diplomatic banquet photo. This blog post gives brief bios on the attendees that have been identified.

1915 Photo: Diplomatic banquet honoring the visit of Baron Shibusawa

To learn more about the Japan Society of New York City and their many social/cultural/educational activities, here is a link to there website:

Japan Society

Prince Tokugawa encouraged Emperor Hirohito’s younger brother Prince Takamatsu and Princess Takamatsu to take a fourteen month Goodwill World Tour during 1930-1931. In Washington, D.C., they were personally escorted by President Herbert Hoover down Pennsylvania Avenue, as part of their special reception.

January 14, 2020 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

These rare antique photos present a long forgotten 1931 diplomatic event where Prince and Princess Takamatsu as a gesture of international goodwill visited the US Capital and were personally escorted down Pennsylvania Avenue. by President Herbert Hoover, as thousands of onlookers gathered to honor their visit. Surprisingly, it has proved difficult to find news coverage about the above diplomatic procession.

Left to right in the center of the procession photo: Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. Katsuji Debuchi speaks with President Hoover (wearing a top hat and holding a cane); Princess and Prince Takamatsu walk side by side. Included above are two earlier individual photos of Princess and Prince Takamatsu.

In 1988 an international goodwill organization PRAEMIUM IMPERIALE was created to honor Prince Takamatsu and his efforts to utilize the arts as a means of bringing nations and peoples together in mutual appreciation and goodwill.

The below Sunday, Sept. 19th, 2021 full page announcement in the NEW YORK TIMES honors this prestigious organization’s 2021 artist award recipients.

The Praemium Imperiale is a global arts prize awarded annually by the Japan Art Association. Since its inauguration in 1988, it has been recognized as a significant supporter of the arts – Six nomination committees, each chaired by an International Advisor, propose candidates in five fields: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music and Theatre/Film.

The below link gives you a detailed introduction to Praemium Imperiale and its laureates in words, image, audio and video.

https://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/

Prince Tokugawa’s biography highlights Prince and Princess Takamatsu, who served as representatives of Japan, promoting international friendship through the exchange of the arts and intercultural events. This biography includes many more rare photos of Prince Takamatsu and Princess Takamatsu’s exciting 1930-1931 Goodwill World Tour. Over the past two decades, a large collection of rare photos of Prince Takamatsu and Princess Takamatsu were collected by the author of this blog post. Perhaps, a film documentarian who also enjoys history will assist in creating a documentary about this Royal Couple, highlighting their 19301-1931 Goodwill World Tour.

PRINCE TOKUGAWA’S BIOGRAPHY IS AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS: “THE ART OF PEACE” & “The ART OF DIPLOMACY”

PRINT & KINDLE EDITION

EXPANDED EBOOK EDITION

Friendship & Alliance between Presidents Theodore Roosevelt & William Howard Taft with the Japanese leaders Baron Shibusawa & Prince Tokugawa and a Tour of the Japanese Friendship Garden San Diego

December 9, 2019 by Stan S. Katz 1 Comment

The Spirit of International Goodwill

President Roosevelt – Prince Tokugawa – Baron Shibusawa – President Taft

During the first decades of the 1900s, these four accomplished statesmen allied together to promote amity between their nations.

This relief sculpture has been accented with metallic paint to look like a bronze – If the Japanese Friendship Garden in Balboa Park, San Diego welcomes this gift, it will be cast in bronze and be presented as a token of goodwill from the San Diego World Affairs Council (a chapter of the World Affairs Councils of America) and perhaps also from the San Diego Diplomacy Council & the East West Center – Fine organizations that support international cooperation for a more peaceful and democratic world.

TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com website presents additional blog posts revealing the strong alliance between them.

The inspiration for this sculpture arose while the author of this blog was researching for the biography The Art of Peace, which highlights the friendship and political alliance between these four leaders. It includes hundreds of illustrations, including many rare photos, offering a new perspective on U.S. Japan relations during the first half of the twentieth century, and illustrates that nations come together thru their mutual appreciation of one another’s arts and culture – To further enhance the friendship between the U.S. and Japan today a gift of a bronze sculpture was created by the author of this article to honor these four fine diplomats, who worked shoulder to shoulder in the pursuit of peace.

Below is the clay version of the sculpture

President Theodore Roosevelt (1858 – 1919)

In office as president from September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909.

Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for guiding the arbitration that ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

Prince Tokugawa Iesato aka Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940)

President of Japan’s upper house of congress The House of Peers for thirty years from 1903-1933. He was also the President of the Japanese Red Cross Society and headed many other significant Japanese organizations. Prince Tokugawa took a pivotal guiding role in both the Japanese gifting of the Cherry Blossom Trees to Washington, D.C. in 1912 and in this gesture of international goodwill becoming the official National Cherry Blossom Festival beginning in 1935, an event celebrated annually by hundreds of thousands of U.S. citizens and visitors from around the world.

Baron Shibusawa Eiichi aka Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (1840-1931)

Known as the ‘Father of Japan’s modern economic system,‘ Shibusawa helped launch hundreds of business ventures as well as social service organizations, including universities, hospitals, social welfare and international relations/relief organizations.

Baron Shibusawa was twice nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize for the years 1926 and 1927.

President William Howard Taft (1857 – 1930)

In office as president March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913

President Taft and his wife First Lady Helen Herron Taft were the official U.S. recipients the Japanese Gift of Cherry Blossom Trees in 1912.

Eight years after his presidency, Taft became the first U.S. President to later become the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930.

You are now invited to take a brief tour of the beautiful Japanese Friendship Garden.

Here is the link to the Japanese Friendship Garden Official Website: http://www.niwa.org/

Their mission statement: to develop a traditional Japanese garden as a center to educate, engage, and inspire people of diverse backgrounds about Japanese culture and community legacy.

An outside view from inside of one of the tranquil buildings in the garden.

Photos taken by the author of this blog on August 2019

Near the entrance to the Japanese Friendship Garden is a presentation board displaying the history of this beautiful place, whose roots go back to the 1915-1916 Pan-American Exposition, where there was a popular Japanese Teahouse that was enjoyed by many visitors. Over the following century, the hospitality theme of that teahouse has evolved into the current Japanese Friendship Garden. Much of the impressive architecture that today comprises the expansive Balboa Park in San Diego, were part of that exposition.

Charles C. Dail Memorial Gate (above)

Close-up view (below) of the Bronze plaque near the gate honoring Charles C. Dail, who was the Mayor of San Diego from 1953-1963 and the Founder of the San Diego – Yokohama Sister Cities Program.

Above: in the distance, a mother reads a statue’s dedication plaque, while her daughter (seated to the left) appreciatively looks at the lovely Buddhist statue in the shadows, which is called ‘The Goddess of Mercy and Compassion’ – To learn more about this sculpture from the 1700s, the dedication plaque describes its fascinating history.

Hope you enjoyed your visit to the Japanese Friendship Garden.

THE ART OF PEACE book cover presents Prince Tokugawa receiving an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from the University of Southern California. The president of the university Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid hands the degree to Prince Tokugawa on March 19^th, 1934. This presentation took place during a special luncheon given in Los Angeles, hosted by George I. Cochran, the president of USC’s Board of Trustees. Prince Iyesato Tokugawa was accompanied by his son Iyemasa, the newly appointed Minister to Canada.

Left to right in photo: Prince Iyesato Tokugawa; Iyemasa Tokugawa; George I. Cochran; Dr. Rufus B. von Kleinsmid.

In accepting the honor, Tokugawa respectfully said,

“He wished to receive it in the name of the Japanese people as a whole rather than as a personal distinction.”

During Prince Tokugawa’s 1934 visit to Los Angeles, The Los Angeles Times stated that a banquet dinner in his honor was hosted by the Japan America Society of Los Angeles. The Japan America Society of Los Angeles is now known as the Japan America Society of Southern California, its goal

“Building Japan-America Relationships Since 1909“

In 1909, during the first year of The Japan America Society of Los Angeles, they had also welcomed and hosted Baron Eiichi Shibusawa and fifty members of his goodwill/trade delegation.

THE ART OF PEACE biography highlights U.S. – Japan relations during the first half of the twentieth century.

The friendship and alliance between Prince Tokugawa, Baron Shibusawa and President Roosevelt and President Taft is presented as part of this history.

EBook Available thru Amazon in two Versions:

Expanded Edition

The General Reader Edition of PRINCE TOKUGAWA’S BIOGRAPHY IS TITLED:

THE ART OF DIPLOMACY

AVAILABLE IN PRINT AND KINDLE EBOOK

President Theodore Roosevelt and Prince Iyesato Tokugawa worked together to improve U.S. Japan relations and combat anti-Asian Racism in America.

November 1, 2019 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

The early 1900s were at times challenging in terms of U.S. Japan engagement:

This October 23rd, 1907 Puck magazine cover shows President Theodore Roosevelt defending the nation of Japan from attack. Roosevelt is wearing a military uniform with the Japanese Imperial seal on his hat. He holds a rifle and confronts two rolled-up U.S. newspapers labeled the ‘Sun‘ and ‘World‘ who are also holding rifles and confronting Roosevelt – The background shows the flag of the Japanese Imperial Army.

In the magazine caption, Roosevelt stated that the war talk predicting a future conflict between the U.S. and Japan was based entirely on these incendiary newspapers, which sought to increase their sales, and for that reason, these newspapers had attacked Roosevelt’s representative Minister William Howard Taft, who Roosevelt had again sent to Tokyo to promote improved communications between their two nations. Roosevelt felt things were actually going well diplomatically between the U.S. and Japan and he appreciated the growing friendship between them. However, these news publications were instigating conflict by stating there was an aggressive competition as to which nation would be most powerful in the Pacific. These U.S. newspapers and others promoted a racist/anti-Asian agenda, which negatively influenced American public opinion. Roosevelt felt that relations between the U.S. and Japan were good and were even strengthening based on the interaction of representatives to one another’s nations.

During the early 1900s, President Theodore Roosevelt twice sent his Minister Taft to visit Japan accompanied by a delegation of U.S. congressmen. Taft and his delegation were received and honored at diplomatic events thrown by Prince Tokugawa and Baron Shibusawa, and supported by many other distinguished Japanese representatives. During his goodwill visit to Japan in 1905, the future President Taft was accompanied by President Theodore Roosevelt’s oldest daughter Alice. Taft and Alice were treated graciously during their time in Japan, and even met with the Japanese Emperor Meiji.

Seeing the heated racism in the U.S. against Asians living there, Prince Tokugawa took a stand in his own nation against this narrow minded and cruel approach to treating one another. To combat racism, Prince Tokugawa during the 1920’s established Essay Writing Contests in all Japanese public schools and public universities, where students expressed in their own words what Abraham Lincoln’s noble principles of human equality stood for.

This photo highlights a February 19, 1929 Award presentation to the winners of the Third Lincoln Essay Contest which was held at the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo.
Prince Iyesato Tokugawa was the President of the America-Japan Society which sponsored the event.

In photo: Prince Tokugawa (front center) and Count Aisuke Kabayama (at far right). This photo is courtesy of the America-Japan Society: this fine organization located in Japan, was founded in 1917 and continues to this day to promote amity and mutual understanding between the Japanese and American people. Prince Tokugawa was its 2nd president from 1924 until his passing in 1940.

To learn more, here is the internet link to the America-Japan Society: http://ajstokyo.org/en-home/

The winners of these essay contests were awarded an impressive Abraham Lincoln Commemorative Coin in recognition of their accomplishment.

Presented below is the front and back of one such commemorative award, which was 3 inches in diameter. This commemorative medallion included a velvet lined presentation case to display the award.

Hope you enjoyed your visit.

You’re invited to Sign up for future blog posts & Please consider sharing this post with your friends who appreciate history.

Through narrative and hundreds of illustrations, THE ART OF PEACE presents a new historical perspective on U.S. Japan relations.

AVAILABLE THRU AMAZON:

General Reader Edition

Expanded Edition

INDEX from THE ART OF PEACE

October 15, 2019 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

The Art of Peace presents the inspiring life and accomplishments of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (aka Prince Tokugawa Iesato – 1863-1940), an amazing international statesmen and humanitarian. The biography is available in two versions: the more streamlined General reader edition and the ‘Expanded’ edition, which includes additional historical notes and an Index…This Index is presented further below to assist historians/educators/students doing research about this intriguing period of history, and for those pursuing genealogical research about their family members who were socially or politically active during that period.

*Prince Iyesato Tokugawa took a pivotal role as the bridge between the Tokugawa Shogunate that had ruled Japan for centuries (1603-1867) and Japan’s emergence as a modern industrial/ political/cultural state – As president for thirty years of Japan’s upper house of congress (the Imperial Diet), Prince Tokugawa took a leading role in shaping Japan’s domestic policies, while on the international stage, he was very much the diplomatic face of his nation, engaging with the most influential international leaders of his day.

Often working behind the scenes, Tokugawa was given little recognition – His biography offers a new window to U.S. Japan History – also highlighted, are many Japanese and non-Japanese who allied with Tokugawa, such as the international statesmen and business financier, Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (aka Baron Shibusawa Eiichi – 1840-1931), who is known as the ‘Father of the Japanese Modern Economy”. Shibusawa and Tokugawa often worked together to establish social welfare programs in Japan, and also created many business and cultural connections to the outside world. They advocated democratic principles and courageously promoted amity and respect among nations.

Utilizing hundreds of illustrations, The Art of Peace illuminates many important unknown historical events, which continue to have significant influence on the world of today.

Amazon link to: ‘Expanded’ Digital Ebook Edition:

THE ART OF PEACE

INDEX

(When the letter ‘n’ follows page numbers and has a number after it – that tells you that that topic is presented within a Chapter note having that number.)

AAS (American Antiquarian Society), 223

Abe, Shinzo, 580, 587–88, 600–605n25

Abraham Lincoln Commemorative Medal, 116

academic medals to Japanese students, 115

Academic WorldQuest™ (AWQ), 594n13

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 166

ACJ (American Center Japan), 484n3

Adachi, Mineichirō, 64n11, 591n5

Adrenalin®, 216n5

Aesthetic Dancers, 377

Akihito (Emperor of Japan), 269, 474, 478, 566, 568

Akihito (Empress of Japan), 566

Akitake Tokugawa Delegation, 186

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 189–191

Alger, Mrs. Russell A., 351n6

Alice in Asia The 1905 Taft Mission to Asia As told in Crowded Hours Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (exhibition), 359, 381n3

Alice Roosevelt Longworth Collection, 382n3

Allies, 21–22, 39–57, 101n3, 471

Amau, Mrs. Eiji, 341n4, 346n5

Ambrose, Edna, 351n6

America-Japan Society (AJS)

academic medals given to Japanese students, 115

American All-Stars luncheon, 406

continued today, 580

dinner honoring Garden Club, 319

Fiftieth Anniversary of Grant’s death, 114

Garden Club of America (GCA) visit, 314–356

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Lincoln essay contest, 115–120

mission statement, 420n2

origins of, 595n14

Special Bulletin with Tokuda’s essay, 118

stone lantern gift, 174–180

American All-Star Baseball Team, 32, 405–7

American Antiquarian Society (AAS), 223

American Center Japan (ACJ), 484n3

American Hebrew and Jewish Messenger (journal), 511–15, 550–54n8

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

American Minister to Japan, Harris, 184

American Pictorial (magazine), 67, 75–77

American pragmatism and Chinese modernization Importing the Missouri model of journalism education to modern China (Volz and Lee), 181n3

American Red Cross, 546n1

American School in Tokyo, 422

American Sports Congress, 173

American Stock Exchange, 31, 370

American Union Bank, 272

American Youth Hostel, 173

Anesaki, Masaharu, 162n5

Anglo-Japanese exposition. See Japanese-British Exhibition

Anti-Comintern Pact, 434

anti-Semitism, 508, 521, 537–39

Aoki, Setsuichi, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5, 589n1

Aoyama Funeral Hall, 498

Aoyama Gakuin University, 115

Arai, Gyoji, 344n5

Arai, Mrs. Ryoichiro, 342n4, 345n5

Arai, Mrs. Yoneo, 341n4, 345n5

Araki, Sadao, 311n8

Arc de Triomphe, 451

Arlington National Cemetery, 267, 296

Armenian genocide, 204–7, 217n8

Armenian Relief Committee of Japan, 206–7, 217n8

Armenian Weekly (magazine), 204–7, 217n8, 218n9

arms limitation treaty, 509

arms race, 67

. See also Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 359, 382n3

Asabuki, Tsunekichi, 346n5

Asahi (newspaper), 59n5, 189, 386n14, 388n16

Asano, Jinshichi, 342n4

Asano, Ryozo, 162n5, 343n4

Asayama, Tominosuke, 344n5

asbarez.com, 218n10

Ashbury Park Press (newspaper), 312n10

Ashino, Kimiko, 341n4, 347n5

Ashton, Mr. and Mrs. James M., 352n6

assassination attempt against Yuasa, 502

Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, 189

Austin, Mrs. J. Alex, 350n6

Avenue des Champs-Élysées, 451

Awa Maru, S.S., 374

Axis Power allies, 435

Babbitt, Sarah Carter, 350n6

Babkenian, Vicken, 218n10

Bacon, Augustus Octavius, 29, 30, 372

Bakumatsu Osaka Castle, 18n1

Baldwin, Mrs. Karl, 87

Balfour, Arthur James, 80, 89

Ballantine, Joseph W., 137

Baltimore News-Post (newspaper), 429

Bank of Japan, 497, 505n2

bank runs, during Great Depression, 272

Barger, Edna, 351n6

Barnes, Mrs. John S., 353n6

Barreras Jr., Antonio, 97

baseball, 32, 405–7

Baseball Hall of Fame, 407

Bates, Frances C., 353n6

Battle of Tsushima Strait (1905), 24

Bedford Garden Club, Bedford Hills, NY, 349n6

Beebe, Mr. and Mrs. Marcus, 354n8

Benes, Eduard, 62n7

benevolence (jewel regalia), 486

Bennett, Richard B., 62n7

Besange, Robert Jacquinot de, 521–22

Betty (daughter of Joseph W. Ballantine), 137

Bickel, Karl, 279

Big Nine (chief delegates), 79

Billy, Robert de, 591n5

birthday anniversary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, 464

Bismarck, Otto von 12 Black Tuesday, 12

Black Tuesday, 272

Blood Brotherhood of Japan, 501

Boardman, Mabel T., 546n1

Boardman, Mrs. William J., 546n1

Board of Tourist Industry, 408

Bohr, Nils, 468, 484n4

Bolshevik Revolution, 74, 101n3

Bone, Scott C., 306n6

Borah, William, 274

Borden, Robert, 89

Bovard, Mrs. Oliver K., 352n6

Boyd, Lizzie E., 350n6

Brandegee, Frank B., 30, 372

Briand, Aristide, 80, 89, 546n1

Brooke, John M., 18n2, 20

Brookings, Robert S., 61n7

Brooks, Brian, 177–78

Brown, Mr. and Mrs. Theodore E., 351n6

Bruce, S. M., 306n6

Buat, Edmond, 546n1

Buchanan, James, 19

Buckingham Palace, 447

Buffalo Commercial (newspaper), 103n8

Buffalo Times (newspaper), 103n9

Bulkley, Jonathan, 352n6

Bulkley, Mrs. Jonathan, 318, 320, 348n6, 352n6

Buma, Mrs. Kyoichi, 328, 347n5

Bunker, Frank F., 306n6

Burleson, Albert S., 30, 372

Burlington Free Press (newspaper), 270n1

Burnett, Charles, 119, 456, 458

Burnham, David, 350n6

Burnham, Mrs. Claude G., 350n6

Bush, Laura, 393n21

Butler, Nicholas Murray, 62n7, 167, 255–58

Cabell, Mrs. Henry F., 352n6

Caldwell, Barbara, 379

calligraphy, 16, 210

Canada/Japan relations, 592n8

canned interviews, 34, 371, 386n15

Cannon, Joseph Gurney, 30, 372

Carlos and Malú Alvarez Academic WorldQuest National Competition, 594n13

Carmody, Dr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Carnegie, Andrew, 33

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 33, 61n7, 257, 258, 372

Carnegie Institute, 33, 372

Carnegie Steel Corporation, 258

Carnegie Steel Mills, 33, 372

Carnets magazine, 248n2

Carpenter, Fred W., 58n2, 381n2

Carter, Thomas H., 30, 372

caste system, 121

Catonsville Garden Club, MD, 349n6

Cattler, M. Felician, 546n1

Century Publishing, NY, 221

Chamberlain to the Imperial Court, Tokugawa, 440

cherry blossoms

gift of trees, 32, 200, 334, 357–379, 392n21, 583

historical/cultural overview, 380n1

viewing party, 130

Washington, D.C., 261, 374

Chestnut Hill Garden Club, MA, 349n6

“Chicago–1930” (Marvin), 244, 248n2

Chicago Stadium, 242

Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 386n15

Chicago World’s Fair, 312n11, 404

Chichibu (prince), 444

Chichibu Maru, M.S., 315

Chida, Hiroshi, 109

children’s orphanages, 133

Chilton, Mrs. William E., 350n6

Chinda, Iwa, 374, 392n21

Chinda, Sutemi, 200, 203, 217n6, 374

Chinese-American citizens, 25

Chinese civilians, 508, 542–44

Chinese delegation, 89

Cho, Tsugiyoshi, 484n5

Choate, Joseph H., 61n7

Choate, Mabel, 348n6, 350n6

Chrysanthemum flower, 486

Cincinnati Garden Club, OH, 349n6

civil war, in Japan, 410

Civil War, U.S., 25, 104, 107–8, 116

Clark, E. Warren, 13–15, 20n4

Claudel, Paul, 274

Clear, W. J., 458

Cleveland Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Clinton, Hillary, 392n21

Cochran, George Ira, 165, 181n1, 571

Coe, Mrs. Henry E., 349n6

Cohasset Garden Club, MA, 349n6

Cold War, 436

colonialism, 23, 74, 125, 221

Columbia Broadcasting System, 62n7

Columbia University, 167, 257

Committee for the Advancement of the Negro Race (1906), 220

Committee on World Friendship Among Children, 138

communism, 250, 414, 443–46, 470

Congress Hall by Night, Japan-British Exhibition, 37

Connecticut Valley Garden Club, 349n6

Constitution (1889), 21

Continental Hall, 78

Coolidge, Calvin, 87, 273, 274, 306n6

Coolidge, Mrs. Calvin, 546n1

Coolidge, Mrs. Harold J., 351n6

cornerstone laying dedication ceremony, 422

Cornig, Mrs. Erastus, 354n8

Costin, Alex, 548n6

Country Life magazine, 249

Court of Progress, Japan-British Exhibition, 36

Craig, Malin, 268

Crane, Mrs. Carey, 341n4

Crane, Mrs. W. C., 346n5

Cross, Mary R., 348n6, 351n6

Cummings, Hugh S., 286

Curley, James Michael, 263

Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd., 216n5

daimyo lords, 3

Dai Nihonshi (history book started by Mitsukuni), 598n19

Dan, Baroness Ino, 341n4, 346n5

Dan, Ino, 162n5, 343n4, 344n5, 345n5

Dan, Takuma, 490, 496, 499, 501, 505n2

dan system, 409

Darby, William L., 141, 160n2

Darrach, Mrs. William, 348n6, 350n6

Daughters of the American Revolution Memorial Hall, 73

Davis, Mrs. Livingston, 349n6

Davison, Henry P., 53, 54

Davison, Marion M., 337n3

Davison, Mrs. Chesebrough, 351n6

Dayton Garden Club, OH, 349n6

Deacon, Richard, 495

death threats and assassinations, 493–503, 505n2

Debuchi, Katsuji, 259–261, 274, 275, 426, 463–65

Debuchi, Mrs. Katsuji, 259, 261, 346n5

Debuchi, Takako, 341n4, 347n5

De Forest, J. H., 384n11

demilitarized areas. See safe zones

Den, Makoto, 344n5

Denby, Edwin, 93

Denby, Jr., Charles, 93, 94

Denby, Mrs. Charles, 546n1

Densho (educational organization), 128, 135n3

Densho Encyclopedia, 135n3

Department of Cinema, USC, 166

Depew, Chauncey, 29, 372

Dern, George H., 311n8

DeYoung, M. H., 32, 370

Dillingsworth, Lt., 458

diplomacy, 229–247

diplomatic/education events, 579–580

diplomatic mission sent by Shogun Iemochi, 6–7

disabilities, 129–133

disarmament movement. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

discrimination, 123–25, 139, 160n2, 384n11, 424, 509

documentary films, 267, 270n4, 524–25, 547n5

Doi, Michio, 213n2

Doi, Mitsutomo, 589n1

Dolls of Friendship: The Story of a Goodwill Project between the Children of America and Japan, 138, 160n2

Dome of the U.S. Capitol, 73

Domoto, Insho, 163n6

Domoto, Tomiko, 340n4, 347n5

Dotzler, Carl (Karl), 590n3

Doughty, Mrs. L. G., 352n6

Duchess de Rohan, 57

Dunn, James Clement, 286

DuPont, Mrs. William K., 348n6, 353n6

Durrach, Mrs. W., 318

Dyer, Brainerd, 95

Dzumoto, M., 214n2

Early, Stephen T., 286

East & West Meeting, 198–202

Easthampton Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Eavesdropping on Hell Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (Hanyok), 537–39, 549n7

Edgar Thomson Steel Mills, 33, 372

Edison, Thomas Alva, 190

Edoff, Mrs. Frank J., 352n6

Edo Inheritance, The (Tsunenari), 598n20

Education Conference, Pan-Pacific, 168–173

Education for International Co-operation, 173

Edward (King of England), 58n1

Eisenhower, Mamie, 392n21

Eliot, Charles W., 61n7

Elliott, Mrs. Stewart, 353n6

Ely, Joseph B., 263

Emmanuel III, Victor, 22

Emperor and the Spy, The (Heifetz), 142, 455, 478, 482, 533, 545, 580

Emperor Meiji Shrine, 427

Englewood Garden Club, NJ, 349n6

English, Mrs. Robert P., 349n6

Enlai, Zhou, 545

Enomoto, Mrs. Ryuichiro, 341n4, 347n5

enthronement, 463, 486–492

Enthronement (book), 488–89

Enthronement Edition, 488–492, 504n1, 505n2

Eppley, Marion, 351n6

Escape to the Rising Sun (film), 547n5

Esperanto, 173

Espy, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur, 349n6

ETA. See Suiheisha Society

Ethiopia, 508, 527–28

Eton College, 11–12

Evening Star (newspaper), 29, 59n4, 372, 387n16

Evening Sun (newspaper), 526

Exchange Club, The, 481, 485n6

Executive Committee, Exhibition Advisory Committee, 345n5

Exil Shanghai (film), 547n5

expansionism, American, 23

Fairchild, David, 363

Fairfield Garden Club, NY, 349n6

Family of Nations broadcast, 62n7

farm communities, 301

Farrington, Wallace R., 306n6

Father of Modern Japanese Banking and Capitalism. See Shibusawa, Eiichi

Favre, Guillaume, 520

Faymonville, P. R., 458

Feast of Peach Blossoms (Doll’s Festival), 137

Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, 160n1

feudalism, 3

Field Museum of Natural History, 267

Fife, Mrs. Robert H., 318, 320, 348n6, 351n6

Fifteen Lectures on Showa Japan, Road to the Pacific War in Recent Historiography (Kiyotada), 506n3, 580, 593n12

Finley, John Huston, 225

first ladies, U.S., 392–93n21

First National Bank, 188

Fisher, Tony, 478, 481

Fishing Boat on a Dark Night (Buson), 158

Flame of Peace, 416

Fleisher, Benjamin W., 504n1

Fleisher, Mrs. B. W., 342n4, 346n5

Foch, Marshal, 262

Fock, D., 306n6

Fontainebleau Palace, 450

Forbes, W. Cameron, 397

Force, Mrs. R. C., 352n6

Ford, Alexander Hume, 304n6, 306n6, 309n7

Foster, Charles H., 546n1

Foster, John W., 61n7

Four Counties Garden Club, PA, 349n6

Four-Power Pacific Pact, 295

Four-Power Treaty, 75–77

Franca, Jose de Francisco de Horta Machado de, 80

France-Japan House, Tokyo, 570, 591n5

Franco, Afranio De Mello, 62n7

Frasconi, Antonio, 599n24

Frazar, E. W., 240, 241, 484n5

freedom of the press, 174–180

Freer Gallery of Art, 359, 382n3

French Consulate in Tokyo, 570

French-Japanese friendship, 570

Friendship Dolls, 137

Fuji, Chief Judge, 501

Fujita, Heitaro, 342n4

Fujita, Hisanori, 475

Fujiyama, Raita, 314, 342n4

Fujiye, N., 214n2

Fukui, Genjiro, 216n5

Fukui, Kikusaburo, 162n5, 163n6, 342n4

Fukui, Mrs. Kikusaburo, 342n4

Fukushima, Mrs. Kisaji, 341n4, 346n5

funeral service for Junnosuke Inouye, 498

Gallagher, Mrs. J. O., 352n6

Gallinger, Jacob Harold, 29, 30, 372

Games of the XII Olympiad, 408

garden, owned by Baron Iwasaki, 327

Garden Club of America (GCA)

additional history about, 353n7

commemorative books, 333, 336

delegates and their companions list, 348–353n6

Farewell Dinner, Kyoto, 326

General Committee members photo, 330–32

gift to Japan, 378

group photo individuals list, 339–343n4

leadership positions in the General Committee for Reception, 343n5

musical pieces, America-Japan Dinner, 337n2

Nijo Palace visit, 325

Photographic Diary, 317–332, 336, 337n1, 354–56n8

reception for visitors, 318

schedule of activities for delegates, 322–23

visit to Japan, 314–356

Yagi’s garden visit, 324

Garden Club of Oranges, East Orange, NJ, 351n6

Garden of Peace, Japan-British Exhibition, 36

gardens, Japanese

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

University of British Columbia, 574–78

Garrels, Mrs. Arthur, 342n4, 346n5

Garrett, John W., 80

Geddes, Aukland, 89

Gehrig, Lou, 405

gender equality, 126

General Gordon, USS, 540–41

GEO (Global Educational Outreach), 173

George, Lloyd, 449

George V (King of England), 22, 238, 250, 448

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 434

Gigaku Mask, 152

Glessner, Mrs. J. G. M., 353n6

global economic depression, 230, 280, 294, 404, 441, 576

Godley, Mr. and Mrs. George McM., 352n6

Golden Gate International Exposition (1939), 412, 419

goodwill educational tour, 579

Gordon, Anna, 87

Grant, Ulysses S., 104–14

Grant Pine, 112

Grant’s Tour Around the World (Packard), 109–10

Grayson, Cary T., 528

Great Depression, 166, 250, 286, 300, 304n4

Great Falls Tribune(newspaper), 546n2

Great Kanto Earthquake, 119, 142, 437n1, 456–59, 483n3

Great White Fleet 25, 216n4

Greenwich Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Grew, Joseph Clark

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 423

art exhibition assistance, 144

commemorative book, Garden Club, 333

Exhibition Advisory Committee, 162n5

feelings and compassion for Japan, 432–33

Garden Club gift reception, 378

Garden Club members photo, 330–32, 342n4

Garden Club patron, 343n5

Garden Club reception, 318

Helen Keller banquet, 130

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

International Red Cross Congress delegate, 519

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

New York World’s Fair, 414, 416

Panay Incident, 428–432

personal history in Japan, 424–28

photo with Edith Roosevelt, 427

photo with wife, Alice, 425

relationship with Tokugawa, 421–433

Royal Couple reception, 250

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

toast, America-Japan Society dinner, 320

Grew, Mrs. Joseph Clark, 318, 333, 334, 342n4, 343n5, 425, 427

Griffith, Josephine, 351n6

Griffith, Mr. and Mrs. G. M., 351n6

Guardian, The (newspaper), 452

Gulick, Sidney, 139, 160n1

Hafford, Lida, 87

Hagiwara, Mrs. Junko, 346n5

Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia), 528

Hairenik Weekly (magazine), 218n9

Hale, Eugene, 29, 372

Hamaguchi, Osachi, 506n3

Hamarikyu Palace, 112

hanami (cherry-tree viewing parties), 362, 380n1

hanging scrolls, 16, 18n1, 155, 210

Hanihara, Masanao, 95

Hanyok, Robert J., 537–39

Hara, Hani, 72, 510

Hara, Rinnosuke, 214n2

Hara, Ryuta, 213n2

Hara, T., 63n10

Haraguchi, Mrs. Takeo, 341n4, 347n5

Harding, Warren G., 68, 73, 81, 87, 88, 93

Harper (civilian volunteer), 458

Harris, H.T.B., 30

Harris, Paul P., 229, 237, 238, 240, 247

Harris, Townsend, 104, 135n1, 176, 184, 225, 414

Harris Treaty, 135n1, 184

Hartford Garden Club, CT, 350n6

Harvard University, 146–159, 267

Hasegawa, Manjiro, 589n1

Hashimoto, Kansetsu, 163n6

Hashimoto, Kwansetsu, 154

Hatch, Mrs. Roger Conant, 349n6

Hawaiian Star (newspaper), 215n2

Hawkinson, Lily Oyzelle, 99n1

Hayakawa, S., 64n10

Hayashi, Kiroku, 72, 130

headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, 528

Hearn, Lafcadio, 132

Hearst, William Randolph, 298–300, 311n9

Heifetz, Jascha, 132, 142–43

Heiman, Suzette, 182n4

Heine, Wilhelm, 4

Hencken, Mr. and Mrs. William F., 350n6

Herald-Palladium (newspaper), 124

Herring, H.J., 95

Hibaya Park, 88

Hibiya, Heizayemon, 213n2

Hibiya Public Hall, Tokyo, 131

Hickey, Joe, 458

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 380n1

Hill, James Jerome, 190

Hindenburg, Paul von, 252

Hiraga, Jun, 115

Hirao, Mrs. Taro, 341n4, 347n5

Hirobumi, Ito, 21

Hirohito (Emperor of Japan)

death threats towards, 503

Dern visit to, 311n8

Enthronement, 463, 486–492

George V (King of England) and, 448

Grew and, 424

Keller meeting, 130

lineage of, 38

Lloyd George and, 449

MacArthur and, 474–75

mentorship of, 9, 439–453

Nagako and, 453

photo (1902), 443

photo in ceremonial robes, 487

Taisho and, 444

Tokugawa and, 289, 568

Hirohito, Japan’s Compassionate Emperor (Isamu), 506n3

Hirooka, Yaye, 340n4, 346n5

Hiroshima Peace Memorial, 588, 600–605n25

Hirota, Koki, 310–11n8, 414

Hisamatsu, Sen-ichi, 589n1

History of the Pan-Pacific Union, A (Hawkinson), 99n1

Hitchcock, Frank Harris, 30, 372

Hitler, Adolf, 252, 434, 509, 521

Hitotsubashi University, 188

Holbrook, Mr. and Mrs. Gerlad, 354n8

Holland Olympic Summer Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Holland Tunnel, 31, 370

Holocaust, 537–39, 549n7

Honolulu Garden Club, HI, 350n6

Honolulu Star-Bulletin (newspaper), 121, 245, 303n2, 312n11, 484n5

Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Southern California, 165

Honorary Presidents of the Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

Hooker, Adelaide F., 350n6

Hooker, Helen H., 350n6

Hooker, Mrs. Elon H., 350n6

Hoopes, Mrs. MacMillan, 353n6

Hoover, Herbert, 242, 250, 259, 274, 275, 276, 424

Hoover, Lou Henry, 259

Horikoshi, Zenjuro, 214n2

Horinouchi, Kensuke, 342n4, 344n5

Horinouchi, Mrs. Kensuke, 342n4, 345n5

Hornbeck, Stanley K., 286

Horses in a Field (Buson), 159

Hosaka, Junji, 163n6

Hosokawa, Moritatsu, 162n5, 163n6

Houghton, Mrs. Clement, 348n6

House of Peers, 91, 121, 508, 529, 572

Houston, Herbert S., 414

Houston Garden Club, TX, 350n6

Howard, Egme, 274

Howe, Mrs. George, 352n6

Hughes, Charles Evans

biographical note, 100n2

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Pan-Pacific Union and, 306n6

Washington Naval Conference and, 68–69, 80, 89, 95

Hull, Cordell and Mrs., 288

Hume, Mr. and Mrs. George E., 351n6

Huntington Wilson, Francis Mairs, 30, 372

Ichikawa, Beian, 157

Ichioka, Yuji, 127

Iida, J., 42

Ikeda, Seihin, 163n6

Ikematsu, Tokikazu, 347n5

Illustrated Catalogue of a Special Loan Exhibition of Art Treasures from Japan, 146–159, 161n4

ILO (International Labor Organization), 310n8

Imai, Gosuke, 343n4

Imamura, Mrs. Sakio, 347n5

Imamura, Sakio, 344n5

Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

America-Japan Society Dinner, 319

American All-Stars gathering, 406

Jascha Heifetz’ tour, 143

Lincoln Essay Contest, 115

luncheon honoring Mashbir, 468

postcard photo, 483n3

temporary American embassy, 456, 483n3

Imperial Household, 159, 163n6

Imperial Japanese Army, 500

Imperial Japanese Navy, 500

Imperial Regalia of Japan, 486

Inahata, Mrs. Jiro, 347n5

Independence Hall, 262

Independent (journal), 384n11

Inoue, Nissio, 501

Inoue, Saburo, 163n6

Inoue, Tatsukuro, 163n6

Inouye, Junnosuke, 490, 497, 501, 505n2

Inouye, K., 99n1

Inouye, Katsunosuke, 58n3, 382n4

Inouye, Mrs. Shin, 346n5

Inouye, Tadashiro, 468

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

Institute of World Affairs, 166

international arms limitation. See Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

International Conference on Social Work (1936), 301

international cooperation, 272–77

International Famine Relief, 89

international friendship, 141, 165, 581

international gala events, 412–19

International Labor Organization (ILO), 310n8

International Near East Relief Association, 217n8

International Olympic Committee, 408, 420n3, 569

International Red Cross Conference, 507, 519–521, 523

International Red Cross Refugee Committee, 547n4

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

International Student Exchange Programs, 571

international trade, 280, 294, 304n5, 309n8, 576

Interpretation of the Life of Viscount Shibusawa, An (Obata), 213n1, 218n12

Introduction and Eulogy for Viscount Shibusawa from Tokugawa, 211

Inukai, Tsuyoshi, 63n10, 500

invitations, 463–66

Isamu, Kanaji, 506n3

Ise, Den-ichi, 163n6

Ishibashi, Tamenosuke, 214n2

Ishihara, Zensaburo, 342n4, 344n5

Ishiwara, George, 574, 577

isolationist movement, 435

Issei (first Japanese immigrants), 127–28

Ito, Jirozaemon, 342n4

Ito, Morimatsu, 213n2

Iwahara, Kenzo, 194, 213n2

Iwahara, Taku, 409

Iwahashi, Takeo, 129

Iwamoto, Yoinosuke, 214n2

Iwasaki, Koyata, 163n6, 327

I Was an American Spy (Mashbir), 455, 483n2, 533–34

Iwashita, K. T., 59n6

Iwaya, S., 214n2

Iyenaga, Toyokichi, 219n13, 227

Jacquinot A Forgotten Hero (film), 548n5

Jacquinot de Besange, Robert, 547n4

Jacquinot Safe Zone Wartime Refugees in Shanghai (Ristaino), 521–22

James River Garden Club, VA, 350n6

Janklowicz-Mann, Dana, 524

Japan-America Society, 580, 595n15

Japan-British Exhibition, 386n14, 391n17

Japan Committee of the International Conference on Social Work, 301, 313n12

Japanese (Inter-Allied) WWI Victory Medal, 43

Japanese Advertiser (newspaper), 490, 504n1

Japanese Amateur Athletic Federation, 410

Japanese American National Museum, 582, 599n22

Japanese-Americans, 384n11

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese and the Jews, The (Kane), 511–15, 550–54n8

Japanese Art, 144–159

Japanese baseball card, 406

Japanese-British Exhibition, 35–37, 59n5, 373, 388n16

Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 188

Japanese-Chinese conflict, 517, 521, 533–34

Japanese delegations, 386n14, 388n16

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

illustration of (1872), 107

Japanese-British Exhibition (1910), 59n5

list of, 195–96

London Naval Conference, 275

Japanese Diet Declaration (1938), 508, 536–38

Japanese Embassy, in the U.S. 5–6, 18n2, 365

Japanese Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese gardens

Alaska-Yukon Pacific Exposition, 189–191

created by Mr. Fujiyama, 314

Dr. Inazo Nitobe memorial, 574–78

Friendship Garden, San Diego, 583

Japanese-British Exhibition, 391n17

Japanese Government Railways, 408

Japanese Olympic Committee, 408

Japanese Olympics Committee, 569

Japanese Parliament, 68

Japanese Red Cross Hospital, 57

Japanese Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Japanese Red Cross Society

assistance to Ethiopia, 527–28

assistance to Russia, 283

brochures, 518, 554–560n9

continuation of, 567

efforts to assist Allies during WWI, 53–54

headquarters, 528

International Red Cross Society, 507

Shibusawa and, 188

Tokugawa and, 92, 507, 516–521

Japanese-Russian relations, 295

Japanese Women’s Betterment Association, 86

Japanese Women’s Peace Movement, 86–87

Japanese WWI Victory Medal, 42

Japan Foundation, 564, 590n2

Japan Institute, 128

Japan Society, 32, 295, 370, 596n16

Japan Society newsletter, 527–28

Japan Society of New York, 278

Japan Society publication, Tokugawa’s speech to Lindberghs, 398–401

Japan Society’s Annual Dinner (1934), 32–33, 290–93

Jeanes, Mrs. Henry S., 350n6

Jenkins, Ralph, 546n1

“Jewish Question,” 509

Jewish refugees, 507–8, 525, 536, 540–41, 544–45, 547n4

Jews, 299, 507–15, 521, 525, 536, 538, 547n4

Jingye Asylum, 542

Jito (Empress of Japan), 380n1

Joan Kroc Institute of Peace and Justice, 579–580, 593n13, 594n13

John Paul Jones Memorial, 393n21

Johnson, Lady Bird, 392n21

Johnson, Mrs. Homer H., 352n6

Johnston, Mary E., 353n6

Joint Committee of Disaster Relief of Shanghai Charity Groups, 542

joint stocks, 188

journalism education, 181n3

Joya, Mock, 380n1

J-School. See Missouri School of Journalism

judo, 409, 420n3

Jusserand, Jules, 89

Kabayama, A., 341n4

Kabayama, Aisuke, 275, 341n4

Kabayama, Ayske, 162n5, 589n1

Kadono, Mrs. Chokiuro, 342n4, 345n5

Kadono, Tominosuke, 214n2

Kagami, Takeo, 344n5

Kagawa, Toyoshiko, 173

Kageyania, K., 53

Kahn, Otto, 142, 161n3

Kai-shek, Chiang, 209

Kaishu, Katsu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

Emperor Meiji and, 38

escort of Iemochi delegation, 6–7, 18n2

Hirohito and, 443

military influence on Tokugawa, 34

National Diet Library, 20n3

photo (c1890), 9

photo with Tokugawa (c1897), 13

portrait (c1860), 6

Red Cross delegation, 53

Tokugawa and, 9

Kakinuma, T., 64n10

Kamenosuke. See Tokugawa, Iyesato

Kanawha Garden Club, Charleston, WV, 350n6

Kanda, Naibu, 194, 213n2

Kane, Joseph Nathan, 511–15, 550–54n8

Kaneko, Kentaro, 87, 162n5, 215n4, 289, 595n14

Kanemitsu, Tsuneo, 163n6

Kan-in (prince), 440

Kanno, Kinnosuke, 213n2

Kano, Jigorō, 409, 420n3

Kanrin Maru warship, 6–7, 18n2

Kasumigaseki Detached Palace, Tokyo, 318

Kato, Kyohei, 343n4

Kato, Takaaki, 63n10

Kato, Tomosaburo, 69–72, 87, 95, 509, 510

Katsuda, Tetsu, 347n5

Katsura, Taro, 134, 566

Katsuta, Tetsu, 342n4

Katz Awa. See Kaishu, Katsu

Katz Awa “The Bismarck of Japan” or the Story of a Noble Life (Clark), 13–14

Kawada, Taka, 185

Kawai, Yahachi, 484n5

Kawasaki, Y., 63n10

Kawashima, Yoshiyuki, 311n8

Kazama, Mrs. Shichiei, 328, 347n5

KBS (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai). See Society for International Cultural Relations

Kean, John, 29, 372

Keaton, Buster, 266

Keiki. See Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

Keith, Mrs. Joseph L., 353n6

Keller, Helen, 129–133, 136n5, 428

Kellogg, Frank, 274

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 273–74, 278, 303n1

Kempei Tai, A History of the Japanese Secret Service (Deacon), 495

kendo, 420n3

Kenilworth Garden Club, IL, 350n6

Keresit, Jacques, 248n2

Kikkawa, Motomitsu, 163n6

Kikuchi, Miya Sannomiya, 126–28, 135n4

Kikusawa, Suyemaro, 344n5

Kimura, A., 175, 236

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 120

King, W. L. MacKenzie, 306n6

Kingsley, Darwin P., 489–492

Kinoshita, Michio, 344n5

Kiyoo, Kawamura, 12

Kiyooka, Eiichi, 342n4

Kiyooka, Mrs. Eiichi, 347n5

Kiyose (representative of the Asahi newspaper), 388n16

Kiyotada, Tsutsui, 506n3, 593n12

Kiyozumi Park, Tokyo, 334, 378

KleinSmid, Rufus Bernhard von, 166, 571

Knox, Philander Chase

1910 dinner event, 30

cherry blossom tree gift, 366

event honoring Emperor Meiji, 38

Pershing and, 38–39

portrait (c1910), 30

Sherman luncheon, 29

Shibusawa mission, 198

Tokugawa and, 372, 387n16

Kobayashi, Ichizo, 158, 163n6

Kobayashi, Mrs. Nobuko, 328, 347n5

Kodama, Kazuo, 482

Koiki, Kunizo, 214n2

Koizumi, Shinzo, 589n1

Kokusai Bunka (journal), 564

Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (Society for International Cultural Relations), 128, 144, 327, 564

Komai, Taku, 328, 347n5

Komatsu, Mrs. Takashi, 341n4, 346n5

Komatsu, Takashi, 144, 162n5, 344n5, 345n5

Komoriya, Chicuko, 115

Komura, Jutaro, 64n11

Komuro, Mrs. Mieko, 346n5

Kondo, Baron, 64n10

Konoe, Fumimaro. See Konoye, Fumimaro

Konoye (princess), 343n5

Konoye, Atsumaro, 92

Konoye, Fumimaro

Diet opening in Tokyo (1934), 531–32

essay contest judge, 589n1

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Garden Club patron, 343n5

House of Peers president, 529–533

international relations promotion with son, 535

“Prince at Princeton” article, 548n6

targeted by extremists, 493

Konoye, Fumitaka, 535

Konoye, Hiro, 239

Konoye, Hiroko, 592n6

Korostovetz, Ivan Yakovlevich, 64n11

Kosaka, Kris, 102n7

Kristallnacht, 536

Kroda, Kiyoshi, 589n1

Kumagaye, Taizo, 214n2

Kun, Tsao, 306n6

Kuninomiya family, 477

Kurihama landing, 4

Kuriyama, Mrs. Shigeru, 342n4, 346n5

Kuroda, Kiyoshi, 63n10, 162n5, 343n4, 345n5

Kurusu, Jaye, 341n4, 347n5

Kurusu, Mrs. Saburo, 342n4, 346n5

Kusanagi (sword), 486

Kushida, Manzo, 64n10, 343n4, 490, 505n2

Kuwaki, Ayao, 589n1

Kyoto Imperial University, 159, 163n6

LaBoiteaux, Mrs. Isaac, 350n6

Ladies Committee, Garden Club, 345n5

Ladies’ Committee in Kyoto, 328, 347n5

La Guardia, Fiorello, 416

Lansdale, Mrs. Philip, 353n6

Lansing, Robert, 203

Lapham, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., 349n6

Lasker, Bruno, 304n4

Last Refuge: The Story of Jewish Refugees in Shanghai (film), 547n5

League of Blood, 496, 499–500, 505, 505n2

League of Nations, 73, 281, 424

League of Nations Association of Japan, 211, 239, 294

League of Red Cross Societies, 54, 517

Leavenworth Weekly Times (newspaper), 384n6

Lee, Arthur (Lord of Fareham), 89

Lee, Chin-Chuan, 181n3

lenders of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Lenox Garden Club, New York, NY, 350n6

letter from President Harding, Washington Naval Conference, 82

Lewiston Daily Sun Journal (newspaper), 263

Liberty Bell, 262

Life and Adventure in Japan (Clark), 20n4

Lighthouse organization, 129

Ligne, Albert de, 274

Lincoln, Abraham, 104–8, 120, 587

Lincoln Centennial Association, 117

Lincoln Essay Contests, 115–120, 587

Lincoln Financial Foundation, Sumiko Tokuda Collection, 119

Lincoln Memorial, 587

Lindbergh, Anne, 395–403

Lindbergh, Charles A., 394–403

lion sculptures, 177–180

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 29, 89, 372

Loehr, Gustave E., 229

London Economic Conference, 304n5

London House of Parliament (color lithograph), 565, 590n3

London Naval Conference, 251, 275, 423, 466

London Naval Treaty, 230

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 267

Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 27, 358, 381n3

Los Angeles Examiner (newspaper), 430

Los Angeles Herald (newspaper), 215n2

Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 103n9, 299

Lothrop, Mrs. W. S. H., 351n6

Lowe, Mrs. Herbert, 349n6

Lowell, Lawrence, 267

Lunete (river park), 363

MacArthur, Douglas, 288, 471–75

Machida, Tokunosuke, 214n2

Mack, Connie, 406

Mackay, Clarence H., 217n7

MacKenzie, N A. M. (Norman), 574, 577–78

Mackey, Harry A., 262

MacMaster, William, 194

MacVeagh, Charles, 99n1, 115, 138, 184

MacWhite, Michael, 274

Madison Square Garden, 32

Maeda, Toshitame, 163n6

Maeyama, Hisakichi, 163n6

Maki, Mrs. Kaoru, 341n4, 347n5

Makino, Nobuaki, 496

Makita, Tamaki, 163n6

Manjiro, John, 18n2

Mann, Amir, 524

Mano, B., 236

Maple Club, Tokyo, 402

Marchienne, Emile de Cartier de, 80

Mardis, J.C., 94

Martin, Mrs. J. Willis, 353n7

Martin, T. M., 458

Martino, Goacomo De, 274

Marvin, Dwight Edwards, 244, 248n2

Masaoki, Shinmi, 18n2

Mashbir, Donald, 483n2, 485n6

Mashbir, Sidney Forrester, 454–482

Allied surrender documents signing, 473

Exchange Club photo, 481

group photo (1937), 484n5

I Was an American Spy autobiography, 483n2, 484n4, 533–34

Jewish heritage, 545

keepsakes, 459–466

luncheon honoring (1937), 468

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 309n7

personal papers discovery, 439

photo (1923), 454

Rotary member, 246

Royal Couple greeting, 250

secret private meetings, MacArthur and Hirohito, 475

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456

Massey, W. F., 306n6

mass media, American, 298–300

Masuda, Meiroku, 114

Masuda, Takashi, 163n6

Matsubara, Yuriko, 341n4, 347n5

Matsuda, Genji, 318

Matsudaira, Mrs. Tsuneo, 179

Matsudaira, Raijyu, 529

Matsudaira, Tsunao, 72, 160n2

Matsudaira, Tsuneo, 141, 176, 179

Matsugata, Masayoshi, 58n3, 194, 382n4

Matsukata, Kojiro, 213n2

Matsukata, Mrs. Shokuma, 346n5

Matsukata, Shosaku, 164n6

Matsumiya, Mrs. Kazuya, 342n4, 347n5

Matsumura, Toshio, 214n2

Matsunaga, Yasuzaemon, 155, 164n6

Matsuura, Chinjiro, 138

Matsuyama, C., 63n10

Maus, Marion Perry, 194

Mayer, Louis B., 265

Mayer, Mrs. Louis B., 265

Mayer, Warren, 182n4

Mayezawa, N., 484n5

Mayflower, USS, 24

Mayflower Hotel, Washington DC, 288, 463, 464

Mazaki, Jinzaburo, 311n8

McArthur, Clifton, 194

McArthur, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

McCollum, A.H., 458

McCormac, Mrs. H.B., 353n6

McDowell, Mrs. William F., 87

McIntosh, Burr, 382n3

McIntyre, Marvin H., 286

McMillan, Mrs. J. William, 349n6

McNaughton, Mrs. Lynn, 354n8

McReynolds, Sam D., 286

media relations, 63n8, 298–300

medical care, 134, 566

Meiji (Emperor of Japan)

death of, 38, 374

Grant meeting, 112–13

Kaishu and, 9

mask gift, 152

medical care and, 134, 566

Meiji Restoration, 1–8, 187

photo (c1894), 9

Shibusawa and, 188

Washington and, 87

Meiji Constitution, 21

Meiji Restoration (1868), 1–8, 187

Meiji Shrine, 427

Memorial Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 83

Memphis Garden Club, TX, 350n6

merchant class, 3

Metcalf, Mrs. Frederick, 352n6

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. See MGM Studios

Mexican American War, 56

MGM Studios, 265–66, 298–300, 311n9

Michigan Garden Club, MI, 350n6

Michizane, Sugawara, 156

Middleton Garden Club, CT, 351n6

Midzuno, Kokichi, 32, 58n1, 213n2, 360, 370

Mihara, Mrs. Shigekichi, 346n5

Mihara, Shigekichi, 164n6, 342n4, 344n5, 589n1

militants

arms limitation and, 74

China expansion, 434

Kaishu and, 15

Nazi alliance, 521

Olympic bid and, 410–12

Panay Incident, 428

Tokugawa against, 517

Tokugawa and, 283

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24

Tripartite Pact, 435

violence, 486–501

Washington Naval Conference and, 100n3

Millbrook Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Million Dollar Train, 190

Milton Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Minami, Takajiro, 213n2

Minnesota (ship), 189

Miroku Bosatsu sculpture, 154

Mishima, Mrs. Hajime, 341n4, 346n5

Missouri, USS, 473

Missouri model of journalism education, 181n3

Missouri School of Journalism, 174–180

Mitchell, Edward A., 546n1

Mito Tokugawa family, 597n19

Mitsubishi Bank, 505n2

Mitsui, Mrs. Benzo, 341n4, 346n5

Mitsui, Mrs. Takaatsu, 342n4, 347n5

Mitsui Financial Group, 499, 505

Miura, Hajime, 341n4

Miwa, Mrs. Zembei, 341n4

Miwa, Zembei, 341n4

Miya, Mataichi, 342n4, 345n5

Miyaga, Michio, 131

Miyajima, Mikinosuke, 589n1

Miyaoka, Mrs. Tsunejiro, 341n4, 346n5

Mizoguchi, Munchiko, 162n5

Mizoguchi, Teijiro, 164n6

Mizuno, Kokichi, 32, 370

Mizuno, Mrs. Kyosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Mizuno, Toshikata, 259

Monadnock Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

Money, Hernando, 29, 372

Montague, Mrs. Gilbert, 351n6

Morgan, Mrs. James F., 350n6

Morgan, Mrs. Randal, 353n6

Morgenthau, Henry, 204

Mori, Kanosuke, 577–78

Morimura, Baroness Ichizaemon, 346n5

Morimura, Ichizaemon, 344n5

Morinja, Miss (Women’s Peace Movement), 87

Morris, Roland S., 293

Moss, Robert F., 458, 484n5

Motley, Mrs. George, 352n6

Motono, Ichiro, 63n10

Mt. Desert Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

Mt Sterling Advocate (newspaper), 384n10

Mt. Vernon, VA, 267, 371, 387n16

Mukojima Park, 362, 383n5

Muller, Mrs. J., 347n5

Murakoshi, Kuniyasu, 321

Murayama, Nagataka, 164n6

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 144, 582, 598n21

music, Tokugawa’s passion for, 142

musical pieces performed, America-Japan Dinner event (1935), 337n2

Mussolini, Benito, 434, 528

Muto, Kinta, 164n6

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 220

Nagai, Asako, 341n4, 347n5

Nagai, Matsuzo, 589n1

Nagai, Mrs. Matsuzo, 342n4, 346n5

Nagai, Setsuko, 340n4, 347n5

Nagako, Empress, 130, 440–41, 453, 476–78, 520

Nagako Empress of Japan (Koyama), 476–78

Nagashima, Yoshiharu, 344n5

Nagata, Hidejiro, 397, 403

Nagel, Charles, 30, 372

Nagoya Castle, 407

Nagoya Museum of Fine Arts, 582, 598n21

Naito, Y., 53

NAJAS (National Association of Japan-America Societies), 595n15

Nakabashi, Tokugoro, 213n2

Nakamura, Teru, 342n4

Nakamura, Teruko, 347n5

Nakanishi, Rokusaburo, 68

Nakano, Buei, 63n10, 194, 213n2

Nassau Weekly (newspaper), 548n6

National Aspirations speech, 231–36

National Association of Japan-America Societies (NAJAS), 595n15

National Cherry Blossom Festival, 374, 379, 392n21

National Conference of State Societies’ Princess Program, 392n21

National Council of Churches, 160n1

National Diet Library, 20n3

National Security Agency (NSA) publication, 536

National Student Committee for the Limitation of Armaments, 93–95

National Tribune (newspaper), 384n7

Navohoff, 64n11

Nazi Germany, 434, 521, 525

Nedzu, Kaichiro, 213n2

Neill, John W., 574, 577–78

Netherlands, Olympic Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Neville, Edwin L., 311n8

Neville, Mrs. Edwin L., 342n4, 346n5

New Canaan Garden Club, CT, 351n6

New Deal Administration, 286

Newport Garden Club, New York, NY, 351n6

New Republic (magazine), 226

Newsom, M. Eugene, 240

New York Daily Tribune (newspaper), 26, 31, 367–69

New York Times (newspaper)

Columbia University visit, Tokugawa, 167

Dern and U.S./Japan relations, 311n8

dinner honoring Tokugawa by Saito, 288

Garden Club gift to Japan, 334

Hirota meeting Roosevelt in Hawaii, 310n8

Hughes article, 100n2

international trade, Japan, 309n8

invitation to Roosevelt to visit Japan, 287

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japan Society dinner, 293–94

Japan’s Olympics bid (1940), 410

Keller article, 130, 136n5

Lawrenceville, NJ visit, 530

Lindberghs’ reception, 396

luncheon given by Roosevelt for Tokugawa, 392n20

New York City visit, Tokugawa, 278–79

New York World’s Fair, 414

Nippon Club luncheon, 287–88

Oshima and Olympics, 410

photo, Tokugawa addressing Rotarian Convention, 231

Roosevelt luncheon for Tokugawa, 288

Roosevelt on Japan in WWI, 55

Taft on U.S./Japan relations, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and extremists, 493

Tokugawa arrival (1910), 442

Tokugawa’s death, 563

Tokugawa’s health, 562

Tokugawa’s radio address, 281–83

Washington Naval Conference, 70, 101n4

Wilson meets Shibusawa article, 203

New York Tribune (newspaper), 59n5, 386n14

New York World’s Fair (1939), 412

Nezu, Kaichiro, 153, 156, 164n6

Niagara, USS, 20n2

Nichibei Shimbun (newspaper), 127

Nicholas, Elizabeth, 352n6

Nicholas II (Emperor of Russia), 24

Nichols, Mrs. Joseph Longworth, 353n6

Niiro, Chunosuke, 164n6

Niiya, Brian, 128, 135n3

Nijo Palace, Kyoto, 325

Ninagawa, Arata, 53, 54–55

Nippon Club, 217n5, 287–88

Nippon Youth Assembly Hall, 137

Nishi, Mrs. Haruhiko, 342n4, 346n5

Nishida, Mrs. Ikutaro, 328, 347n5

Nishida, Rihachi, 347n5

Nishiike, Naruyoshi, 214n2

Nishimura, Ayako, 341n4, 347n5

Nishimura, Jihei, 213n2

Nishimura, Mrs. Kiyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Nishimura, Shotaro, 216n5

Nishiwaki, Kenji, 164n6

Nitobe, Inazo, 280–81, 574–78, 593n10

Nixon, Richard, 545

Noanett Garden Club, Milton, MA, 351n6

Nobel Peace Prize, 34, 62n7, 66n11, 209

Nomura, Kichisaburō, 421

Nomura, Mrs. Yozo, 341n4

Nomura, Yozo, 345n5

Norimasa, Muragaki, 18n2

North Shore Garden Club, Boston, MA, 351n6

North to the Orient (A. Lindbergh), 403

NSA (National Security Agency) publication, 536

Numano, Y., 213n2

Oakland Tribune (newspaper), 520

Obama, Barack, 587–88, 600–605n25

Obama, Michelle, 393n21

Obata, Kyugoro, 213n1, 218n12

obituary announcement, Tokugawa, 590n4

O’Brien, Thomas J., 58n3, 382n4

Office of Public Buildings and Grounds (OPBG), 362–64

Official Welcoming Ceremony for American Friendship Dolls, 137–141

Ogden Standard (newspaper), 215n2

Ohama, Mrs. Tadakazu, 347n5

Ohashi, S., 64n10

Ohashi, Shintaro, 164n6

Ohtani, Kahei, 213n2

Oiwa, Isao, 342n4

Oiwa, Mrs. Isao, 342n4

Okabe, Nagakage, 341n4, 344n5, 589n1

Okabe, Viscountess Nagakage, 346n5

Okada, Ken-ichi, 318, 344n5

Okada, Ryuichi, 343n4

Okahashi, Jisuke, 164n6

Okamoto, Mrs. Suemasa, 341n4, 346n5

Okazaki , Masaya, 164n6

Okura, Kishichiro, 64n10, 164n6

Oliver, John D., 306n6

Olympics

Amsterdam Games (1928), 570, 591n5

Nagano Games (1998), 569

Organizing Committee, 410

Sapporo Games (1972), 569

Tokyo Games (1940), 173, 408–12, 569

Tokyo Games (1964), 569

Onishi, Ichiro, 344n5

Ono, Hideko, 347n5

Ooi, Bokusin, 213n2

Ooka, I., 63n10

OPBG (Office of Public Buildings and Grounds), 362–64

Opening of Japan, 3

Oregon Statesman Journal (newspaper), 311n9

Orlando Sentinel (newspaper), 420n1

Osawa, Mrs. Tokutaro, 328, 347n5

Osawa, Tokutaro, 344n5, 346n5, 347n5

Oshima, Matahiko, 410

Osumi, Mineo, 421

Otani, K., 63n10

Otchiai, Kentaro, 64n11

Otsuka, Tsunekichi, 347n5

Outlook, The (magazine), 91–92

overpopulation, 438n6

Owen, Sydney, 215n3

Oyama, Iwao, 58n3, 382n4

Ozaki, Shinaye, 341n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yei Theodora, 373, 391n18

Ozaki, Yukika, 340n4, 347n5

Ozaki, Yukio, 26, 32, 100n3, 367–370, 373, 385n12

Ozawa, K., 300

Pacific Conference, 304n4

Packard, J.F., 108

Pageant of the Ages performance, 326

Palmer, Frederick, 58n2, 381n2

Panama Railway, 19

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference, 168–173

Pan Pacific luncheon, 468

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 287, 304n6

Pan-Pacific University, 245

Paris World Exposition (1867), 187

Park, Maude Wood, 87

Parliament of Great Britain, 565

Parsell, Diana, 383n5

Pasadena Garden Club, Pasadena, CA, 351n6

Paul, Mrs. Theodore S., 351n6

Payne, John Barton, 286, 507, 519, 520, 546n1

Payne, Sereno E., 30, 372

Pearce, G.F., 89

Pearl Harbor, 56, 424, 436

Pendleton, Ellen Fitz, 267

Pennsylvania Avenue, 260, 389

Pepper, Mrs. Franklin, 351n6

Perkins, George Walbridge, 217n7

Perry, James DeWolf, 4, 293

Perry, Matthew C., 3–4, 334, 424

Perry, Matthew C. 3, 100n3

Perry, Oliver Hazard, 334, 424

Pershing, John Joseph, 38–39, 374

Phelps, Eleanor, 94

Philadelphia Garden Club, PA, 351n6

Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), 63n9, 270n3

Phillips, William, 286

Phoenix image, 504n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan, at the Invitation of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, May 13 to June, 1935, 317–332, 337n1

Photographic Diary of the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Japan at the Invitation of His Excellency Shigeru Yoshida May 10th to May 23rd 1961, 336, 354n8, 355–56n8

Piedmont Garden Club, Piedmont, CA, 352n6

Pierre hotel, 278, 303n3

Piscataqua Garden Club, MI, 351n6

Pittman, Key, 286

Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, 33, 372

Pittsburgh Press (newspaper), 59n6

Place to Save Your Life, A (film), 548n5

Plancon, Georges, 64n11

Platt, Mrs. Charles III, 351n6

Poincare, Raymond, 22

politics, American, 27, 371

Pond, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel, 353n6

Population Connection, 438n6

population stabilization, 438n6

Portland Garden Club, Portland, OR, 352n6

Port of Last Resort: Zuflucht in Shanghai (film), 548n5

Portrait of Tokugawa Ieyasu (painting), 18n1

Portsmouth Peace Conference, 87

Potomac Park, 363, 374

Potomac Tidal Basin, 374, 393n21

Powhatan, USS, 19

Presidio military base, 268

Prince at Princeton, A (Costin), 548n6

Pritchett, Henry S., 62n7

Prittwitz, Freiderich von, 274

Privy Seal (Gyoji), 502–3, 506n4

Problems of the Pacific, 1933 economic conflict and control proceedings of the fifth conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations (Lasker and Holland), 304n4

Proclamation of the Japanese Constitution, 21

Proctor, Mrs. William Cooper, 349n6

Prologue magazine, 437n2

Public Broadcasting Service, 143

Putnam, Mrs. Henry St. Clair, 353n6

Queen of the 1937 Cherry Blossom Festival, 379

Quezon, Manuel, 288

racism, 25, 115, 120, 434, 509

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 281–83, 286, 471, 520, 586

Radio City Music Hall, 282

Rama VI (king of Siam), 306n6

Reception Committee in Kyoto, Garden Club, 347n5

Reception Committee Junior, Garden Club, 346n5

Reception Committee Senior, Garden Club, 346n5

Red Crescent Societies, 517

Red Cross, American, 119, 546n1

Red Cross, Japanese. See Japanese Red Cross Society

Red Cross, worldwide, 89

Red Cross Conference, International, 507

Red Cross Hospital, Japanese, 57

Red Cross of Hawaii, 245

Remembering Ulysses S. Grant’s visit to Japan (Chida), 109

Reno Gazette-Journal (newspaper), 303n2

Report on the Visit of the Garden Club of America to Honolulu Japan and China in the Spring of 1935 (Davison), 337n3

Reznikoff, John, 505n2

Richards, Mrs. Theodore W., 546n1

Ridgefield Garden Club, Ridgefield, CT, 352n6

Riegel, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Dewitt, 349n6

Righteous Among Nations Award, 541

Righter, Jane, 350n6

Rike, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick H., 349n6

Ristaino, Marcia R., 521, 547n3, 547n4

Roanoke, USS, 19

Robinson, Joseph T., 286

Rochester Garden Club, Rochester, NY, 352n6

Rockefeller Center, 128

Rogers, Mrs. Fred F., 341n4, 346n5

Rogers, Will, 238

Roosevelt, Alice, 27, 358, 381n3

Roosevelt, Edith, 427

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 286

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

good-neighbor policy, 311n8

Hirota meeting in Honolulu, 310n8

International Red Cross Conference, 520

Keller and, 130

Konoye and, 530, 535

opening speech, World’s Fair, 415

portrait, 284

relationship with Tokugawa, 284–88, 360

Tokugawa visit (1934), 286–88, 376

University of Southern California and, 166, 571

World Fair invitations, 414

Roosevelt, Henry L., 288

Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, 288, 376

Roosevelt, Theodore

discrimination in California legislation, 384n11

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

photograph of, 55

postcard linked to Russo-Japanese War, 24

relationship with Tokugawa, 358

Rotary quote, 237

Russo-Japanese War, 215n4

Shibusawa delegation, 198–202

statement on Japan in WWI, 55–56

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. (Colonel), 217n7, 287, 376, 427

Root, Elihu, 29, 34, 62n7, 89, 258, 372

Rosen, Roman von, 64n11

Ross, Phyllis Gregory, 574, 593n9

ROTARIAN magazine, 239

Rotary Club of Tokyo, 240

Rotary International, 229–247

25th Anniversary Convention, 229, 242

50th Anniversary Celebration (1955), 246

commemorative stamp, 247, 248n3

Conference (1930), 229–241, 244

Rotary Peace Centers, 247, 248n4

Roth, Almon E., 238

Rothschild, John, 94

Round Eyes in the Middle Kingdom (film), 548n5

Rowe, L.S., 306n6

Royal Geographical Society of London, 590n4

Ruhm, Mrs. Herman, 354n8

Russell, Lindsay, 32, 370

Russell, Mrs. James S., 318, 351n6

Russo-Japanese War, 24, 65n11, 87, 198, 215n4

Ruth, George “Babe,” 405–7

Rye Garden Club, Greenwich, Rye, NY, 352n6

safe zones, 507, 519, 521–23, 540–45, 547n4, 586

Sagers, John, 215n3

Sago (Emperor of Japan), 380n1

Saionji (prince), 496

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation, 134, 566

Saito, Hiroshi, 162n5, 275, 288, 310n8, 379, 535

Saito, Masako, 379

Saito, Miyoko, 288

Saito, Mrs. Soichi, 340n4, 346n5

Saito, Sakiko, 379

Sakaguchi, Heibei, 214n2

Sakano, Mrs. Tsuneyoshi, 342n4, 346n5

Sakatani, Yoshiro, 63n10, 184, 345n5

Sakonji, Seizo, 275

sakura. See cherry blossoms

Salmond, Sir John, 89

samurai, 3

Sand Hills Garden Club, Augusta, GA, 352n6

San Diego Japanese Friendship Garden, 583, 599n23

San Diego Jewish Journal, Holocaust Remembrance Edition, 545

San Diego World Affairs Council (SDWAC), 579–580, 593n13

San Francisco Call (newspaper), 58n1, 214n2

San Francisco Chronicle (newspaper), 215n2

Sankyo Company, Ltd., 216n5

Sarraut, Albert, 89

Sastri, Srinivasa, 89, 546n1

Satake, Sakutaro, 213n2

Sato, I., 42

Sato, Naotake, 64n11

Satow, Mr. and Mrs. Toshito, 266

Savamura, S., 53

Sawada, Mrs. Setsuzo, 341n4, 346n5

Schanzer, Carlo, 80, 546n1

Schiele, Sylvester, 229

Schiff, Jacob Henry, 222

School of International Relations, 166

Schroeder, Seaton, 546n1

Scidmore, Eliza Ruhamah, 362–64, 383n5

Scott, Byron, 178

Scott, Mrs. Arthur Hoyt, 335, 349n6

scroll paintings, 16, 18n1, 155–56, 210

SDWAC (San Diego World Affairs Council), 579–580, 593n13

Seattle Chamber of Commerce, 189, 191

Seattle Garden Club, Seattle, WA, 352n6

Seattle Times (newspaper), 120

secret meetings, 474

Secret Missions: The Story of an Intelligence Officer (Zacharias), 270n2

Seitz, Don Carlos, 223, 224

Seko, Konosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Seko, Mineko, 341n4, 347n5

Seko, Yasuji, 236

Sellers, Mrs. Howard, 350n6

Sellers, Mrs. William F., 353n6

Senate, Tokugawa visit, 27

Sengoku, Masayuki de, 29, 59n6, 372, 386n15

Sewall, Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland, 350n6

Shaker Lakes Garden Club, Cleveland, OH, 352n6

Shanghai Ghetto (film), 524–25, 548n5

Sharp, Mrs. W. B., 350n6

Shaw, Albert, 223

Sherman, James Schoolcraft, 29, 38, 372, 387n16

Sherry’s Hotel, New York, 199–202

Shibusawa, Baroness, 189

Shibusawa, Eiichi

Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition trip photo, 189–191

Armenian Weekly article photo, 204–7

banquet honoring (1915), 219n13

biography, 211, 218n12

Chiang Kai-shek and, 209

Col. Roosevelt luncheon, 217n7

as delegate, 27, 213n2, 360

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Friendship Dolls event, 138

Grant greeting, 108

hanging scroll with calligraphy, 210

Harris and, 229

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Honorary Vice-President of Pan-Pacific Union, 306n6

letter from, 208

Memorial Foundation and Museum, 218n11, 581, 597n17

monument built for Grant, 114

photo with Taka Kawada, 185

portrait during Europe tour, 187

portrait photo alongside photo of Tokugawa, 183

relationship with Tokugawa, 34, 183–88

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490

sympathy booklet, 63n10

toast at Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wilson meeting, 203

Shibusawa delegation (1909), 213n2

Shibusawa Memorial Foundation and Museum, 209, 218n11, 581, 597n17

Shidehara, Kijuro

anniversary salutations of Washington Naval Conference, 95

biographical note, 101n5

delegates embarking, 71

group photo, Washington Naval Conference, 68

Jewish magazine interview, 515

signer of letter linked to Enthronement Edition, 490, 505n2

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

Washington Naval Conference, 87

Shidura, Baron (possibly Shidehara), 386n15

Shimada, S., 63n10

Shimanouchi, Henry Toshiro, 128

Shimmura, Izuru, 589n1

Shimoda, S., 63n10

Shimomura, Mrs. Sen, 157, 164n6

Shimpei, Goto, 490, 505n2

Shinjuku Imperial Gardens, 130

Shinto shrine, 2

Shiobara, Matasaku, 216n5

Shiohara, Mrs. Matasaku, 341n4

Shirasu, Mrs. Jiro, 340n4, 346n5

Shitara, H., 59n6

shogun rule, 3–4

Shōhō Kaishō stock company, 188

Shōnii, Second Honour (ritsuryō rank), 188

Shorey, Hiram E., 229

Showa (Enlightened Peace), 453, 486

Shrewsbury Castle, 251

Shubert-Garrick Theater, 89, 546n1

Shuster, William Morgan, 219n13, 221

Simon, Joseph, 194

Simon, Sir John, 62n7, 565

Sino-Japanese War, 23, 65n11

Smith, Mrs. Benjamin Hodges, 350n6

Snyder, Frederic, 173

Society for International Cultural Relations (Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai), 128, 144, 314, 327, 564, 589n1

Soeda, J., 63n10

Sohda, Kinsaku, 213n2

Soldiers of Justice and Right postcard, 44

Southgate, Richard, 259

Southside Garden Club of Long Island, New York, NY, 352n6

Soviet-Chinese Nonaggression Treaty, 434

Soyejima, Michimasa, 409

Spalding, Dora N., 351n6

Spanish-American War, 23, 74, 430

Special Bulletin, America-Japan Society, 118

Spirit of St. Louis, The (monoplane), 394

Spoerri, J. Fuller, 95

Stalin, Joseph, 435

Stars and Stripes magazine, 109

State Seal of Japan (Kokuji), 502–3, 506n4

Stead, William Thomas, 223

Stimson, Henry L., 274

St. Louis Garden Club, St. Louis, MO, 352n6

Stoessinger, John George, 544–45

Stokowski, Leopold, 142

Stone, Jr., Charles B., 268

stone lantern sculpture, 174–180

Stout, Mrs. C. Frederick C., 353n6

Straight, Willard Dickerman, 219n13, 226

Sturges, Mrs. Clarence B., 348n6

Sugi, Eizaburo, 162n5

Sugihara, Chiune, 541, 544–45

Sugita, Tei-Ichi, 58n3, 381n2

Suiheisha Society, 121–25

Sullivan, Ann, 133

Sumitomo, Kichizaemon, 164n6

Sumiyoshi, Kawamura, 442

Summit Garden Club, Summit, NJ, 352n6

Sunday Star (newspaper), 392n19

Suzuki, Mrs. K., 346n5

Suzuki, Shuji, 343n4

Suzuki, Umetaro, 216n5

Suzuki violin learning system, 591n5

Swartley, Mr. and Mrs. John, 354n8

Sze, Alfred Sao-ke, 79, 80

table medals, 42

Tacoma Garden Club, Tacoma, WA, 352n6

Tadamasa, Oguri, 18n2

Tadao, Yamakawa, 275

Taft, Helen “Nellie” Herron, 361–64, 374, 392n21

Taft, Henry W., 281, 293

Taft, Mrs. Henry W., 281

Taft, William Howard

Asia voyage photo, 359

East & West Meeting photo, 198–202

Inauguration photo, 28

photo with Helen Taft, 361

Prince Tokugawa and, 371, 387n16

Red Cross meeting, 546n1

Shibusawa delegation, 190, 198

speaking at diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa and, 27

travels as Secretary of War, 358–360, 382n4

Taisho (Emperor of Japan), 22, 24, 38, 289, 444, 486

Tait, David, 458

Tajima, Mrs. Shigeji, 341n4, 346n5

Takagi, Fujiko, 341n4, 347n5

Takahira, Kogoro, 64n11

Takaishi, S., 214n2

Takaku, Jinnosuke, 345n5

Takamatsu, Kikuko

Akihito and, 269

Berlin luncheon, 252

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

Liberty Bell photo, 262

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamatsu, Nobuhito

Berlin luncheon, 252

Butler tour, 167

Country Life ceremonial clothing photo, 249

Detroit, Michigan arrival, 264–65

England welcome, 251

essay contest judge, 589n1

Executive Palace, Germany visit, 252

Garden Party, 318

International Goodwill Tour, 249–269

lender of art, 1936 exhibition, 163n6

Liberty Bell photo, 262

Mashbir 1930 reception, 465

MGM Studios visit, 265–66

New York welcome, 253–58

Presidio military base visit, 268

Washington, D.C. welcome, 259–261

Takamine, Jokichi

anti-discrimination statement, 384n11

biographical note, 216n5

cherry blossom tree gift, 364

East & West Meeting photo, 200

Japan Society luncheon, 32, 370

photo (c1912), 365

Shibusawa dinner (1915), 219n13

Takao, Toru, 72

Takarabe, Takeshi, 275

Takatsuji, Narazo, 214n2

Takeda, Enji, 163n5

Takeda, Yenji, 343n4, 345n5

Taki, Kumejiro, 214n2

Taki, Takichi, 343n4

Tale of the Genji (Shikibu), 598n19

Tamamushi Shrine, 153

Tamura, R. Tsuyoshi, 345n5

Tamura, Shinkichi, 214n2

Tamura, Tetsusuke, 341n4

Tamura, Tsuyoshi, 341n4

Tanabe, Muneo, 574, 577

Tanaka, Giichi, 490, 505n2

Tanaka, Hozumi, 589n1

Tanaka, Kotaro, 589n1

Tanaka, T., 213n2

Tanakadate, Aikitu, 169

Tan’yū, Kano, 18n1

Tauruta, Eiko, 115

Taylor, Montgomery, 421

Teat, Admiral, 546n1

temperance movement, 102n7

Temperance Society, 92

Temple of Kunozan, 2

Ten Years in Japan (Grew), 130, 426

Terada, Jinkichi, 164n6

Terada, S., 64n10

Terauchi, Hisaichi, 63n10

Terry, Mrs. James, 350n6

Tetsudo Hotel, Tokyo, 409

The Gardeners, Pennsylvania, 350n6

This Rotarian Age (Harris), 237

Thomas, Mrs. James R., 350n6

Thomson, Polly, 129

Three Sacred Treasures of Japan, 486

ticker tape parade for Lindbergh, 394

Time Magazine, 277

Time Magazine 144, 143, 238

Times, The (London), 386n13, 390n17

Tingkan, Tsai, 89

Tison, Alexander, 278

Toda, Yashichi, 164n6

Togasaki, Kiyoshi, 345n5

Togo, Baroness Yasushi, 341n4, 346n5

Togo, Mrs. Shigenori, 341n4, 346n5

Tokuda, Sumiko, 117–19

Tokugawa, Hope, 288

Tokugawa, Iemochi, 5–7, 104–5

Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 1, 2, 18n1, 597n19

Tokugawa, Iyemasa

Armenian Genocide and, 206–7

biographical note, 592n7

commemorative bronze plaque, 583

Dedication for Japanese Garden, 574–78

dinner honored by Ambassador Saito, 288

diplomatic positions, 70

Fiftieth anniversary photograph, 572

fire-bomb of Prince Tokugawa’s home, 494

Hearst meeting, 298–300

honorary degree from University of British Columbia, 592n8

inspection tour to Europe and America, 280

International Conference on Social Work, Japan Committee, 301

Japanese Red Cross delegation, 53

Lawrenceville, New Jersey visit, 530

observing father receiving honorary degree, 165

official dress photo (1929), 573

photograph with Shibusawa, 184

radio broadcaster, 283

Royal Couple greeting, 264–65

send off luncheon for Prince Tokugawa, 576

Tsunenari Tokugawa and, 598n20

Tokugawa, Iyesato

affinity for the West, 11–12

American Pictorial delegation announcement, 67

American Red Cross meeting, 546n1

American School in Tokyo dedication ceremony, 422

arrival announcement, visit 1910, 26

art/cultural exhibits, 582

art exhibition brought West, 144–159

autographed card, 97–98

baseball and, 405–7

canned interviews, 386n15

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 258

cautious approach to media, 34, 63n8

cherry blossom tree gift, 366–370

Chicago and Pittsburgh visit, 33–34

Chicago World’s Fair, 404

Clark and, 20n4

condolence booklet to Allies, 45–52

constitution anniversary postcard, 21

delegates embarking, 71

delivering dedication to Grant at Ueno Park, 114

Diet Declaration (1938), 536–38

diplomatic tour (1933-34), 375

Enthronement Edition, 490

exhibition advisory committee, 162n5

Fiftieth Anniversary photo, 572

Friendship Dolls Ceremony, 137

Roosevelt and, 284

Garden Club of America, 314–336, 342n4, 343n5

Grew and, 421–433

group photo (1937), 484n5

Harris and, 240

Harris monument unveiling photo, 184

Hawaiian reception, 245

Hearst meeting, 298–300

Hearst meeting at MGM, 311n9

Hirohito and, 476

Hirohito visit, 441, 568

Honolulu visit, 312n11

honorary degree from USC, 165, 571

honoring Montgomery Taylor, 421

Hoover and, 276

House of Peers selection, 529–533

human rights and, 104, 121–25

inspection tour to Europe and America (1933), 280

international shuttle diplomacy, 586

introduction/eulogy for Shibusawa, 211

Japanese-American Student Congress, 173

Japanese Red Cross Society and, 516–521

Japan Society of New York 1934 visit, 290–93

Jewish refugees and, 507–15

Kaishu and, 9, 13–15

Keller reception committee, 130

legacy events, 579–580

Lincoln Centenary Essay Contest, 115–120

Lincoln Essay Contests, 587

Lindbergh recognition, 355–407

lineage of, 1

luncheon given by Roosevelt, 286

Mashbir’s invitation response, 459

militants and, 493–503

music passion, 142

Nagako and, 440

Newsom and, 240

New York visits, 31–33, 367–370

New York World’s Fair, 414

Olympic bid (1940), 408–12

Olympic Games and, 569

orphanage visit, 133

painting (c1877), 12

Panay Incident, 428–432

Pan Pacific Educational Conference opening address, 169

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1, 306n6, 309n7

Payne meeting photo, 507

photo (1934), 483n1

photo with wife and children (1918), 572

Pittsburgh visit, 59n6

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait (c1894), 17

portrait photo (1921), 90, 561

portrait photo alongside photo of Shibusawa, 183

Prince of Peace description, 526

promoting peace today, 581–82

radio broadcasts, 62n7, 520

Rotarian Age quote, 237

ROTARIAN magazine article, 239

Rotary International Conference, 229–241

Royal Couple reception, 249–250

safe zones and, 521–23

Saiseikai Imperial Gift Foundation and, 134, 566

send-off luncheon, 576

Shibusawa and, 183–88, 581

signer of Washington Naval Conference, 89

supporting Suiheisha members, 122

sympathy booklet, 63n10

Taft diplomatic event, 58n3, 382n4

tea with representatives after Garden Club gift acceptance, 334

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 296–97

Tomosaburo and, 69

U.S. State Department visit, 72, 510

visit to U.S. (1910), 26–37, 366–373

visit to U.S. (1930), 276–79

Washington, D.C. visit, 27, 371–72, 386n13

Washington Naval Conference and, 67–98

Western view of, 91–92

women’s rights and, 126–28

World Federation of Education Association, 168

yellow peril and, 63n9

Yoshinobu and, 17

youth and guidance, 5–8

Tokugawa, Kazu, 167, 441, 483n1, 568

Tokugawa, Kikuko. See Takamatsu, Kikuko

Tokugawa, Kuniyuki, 597n19

Tokugawa, Marchioness Yorisada, 318, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Tokugawa, Marquis, 318

Tokugawa, Marquises Yorisada, 591n5

Tokugawa, Mitsukuni, 597n19

Tokugawa, Muneyoshi, 164n6

Tokugawa, Toyo, 281, 297, 300

Tokugawa, Tsunenari, 592n7, 598n20

Tokugawa, Yorifusa, 597n19

Tokugawa, Yorisada, 332, 342n4, 343n5, 589n1, 591n5

Tokugawa, Yoshichika, 164n6

Tokugawa, Yoshinobu

cautious approach to media, 63n8

Clark and, 20n4

guiding role with Iyesato, 17

Kamenosuke adoption, 5

photograph, 186

portrait (c1867), 5

portrait with Iyesato, 17

Princess Takamatsu and, 250

Shibusawa and, 185–87

Tokugawa Art Museum, 17, 582, 597n18

Tokugawa Iesato (painting), 12

Tokugawa Memorial Foundation, 17, 582, 598n20

Tokugawa Museum Foundation, 17, 582, 597n19

Tokugawa Shogunate, 1–8, 17, 185–87, 380n1, 582, 598n20

Tokuzawa, Kenko, 340n4, 347n5

Tokyo District Court, 501

Tokyo Harbor, 473

Tokyo Imperial Household Museum, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial School of Art, 163n6

Tokyo Imperial University, 169

Tokyo Keizai University, 188

Tokyo School for the Blind. See University of Tsukuba School for the Blind

Tokyo Stock Exchange, 188

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 267, 296–97, 451

Tomosaburo, Kato, 69, 102n6

Topping, Mrs. Henry, 87

Torei Ningyo (Dolls of Gratitude), 139

Toyama, Motoichi, 164n6

Train, Russell, 259

Trans-Siberian Railway, 37

Treadway, Mrs. Lyman, 352n6

Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament. See London Naval Treaty

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (1860), 6

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce (1930), 527

Treaty of Portsmouth, 24, 64n11

Tripartite Pact, 435–36

Triple Intervention, 65n11

Tsuchihashi, Kahei, 164n6

Tsuchiya, M., 59n5, 386n14

Tsuda, Noritake, 163n5, 343n4, 345n5

Tsuda English College, 117

Tsuji, Zennosuke, 589n1

Twenty-sixth Centennial International Essay Contest Commemorating Founding of Japanese Empire, 564

Uchida, Yasuya, 29, 281, 372, 576

Ueno Park, Tokyo, 112, 114, 406

Umberto II, 446

Umezono, Tokuhiko, 328, 347n5

Underwood, Oscar W., 89

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), 584, 599n24

United Nations, 584

United Press, 279

United States

American Legation, 135n1, 483n3

Civil War, 25, 104, 107–8, 116

embassy, 407, 455, 456

expansionism, 23

first ladies, 392–93n21

mass media, 298–300

official visit (1912), 39

politics, 23–25, 371

Red Cross Conference delegates, 546n1

United States Capitol Dome, 73

United States/Japan relations

America-Japan Society, 420n2

Dern on, 311n8

early engagement, 6–7

Harris and, 414

Knox and Pershing visit, 38–39

Lincoln and Grant, 104–25

Mashbir and, 459

Roosevelt and, 55–56

Russo-Japanese War resolution and, 215n4

Shibusawa and Straight discussion, 219n13

Shibusawa delegation, 189–203

Taft on, 58n3, 382n4

Tokugawa on, 293–300

United States Military Academy, 267

United States Naval Academy, 267

United States Stock Market Crash (1929), 230, 272

University of Arizona, 166

University of British Columbia, 573, 592n8

University of Pennsylvania, 262

University of Southern California (USC), 100n1, 165–66, 571

University of Tsukuba School for the Blind, 130

untouchables, 3

USC (University of Southern California), 100n1, 165–66, 571

Ushizuka, Torataro, 334, 345n5, 378, 409

Valadou, Joan, 570

Valentine, Myra, 351n6

Valley Forge, 262

valor (sword regalia), 486

Vandenberg, Arthur H., 286

van Karnebeek, H.A., 80

Vernou, Walter N., 286

Versailles Peace Conference (1919), 87, 426

Veverka, Ferdinand, 274

victory medals, WWI, 42–43

Villard, Oswald Garrison, 219n13, 220

Vincent, Elizabeth, 94

vitamin B1 (Orizanin®), 216n5

Viviani, René, 89

Volunteer Workers American Relief in Japan, 456–58

Volz, Yong Z., 181n3

Vories, William Merrell, 422

voting rights, of Japanese women, 126

WACA (World Affairs Councils of America), 593n13

Wada, T., 64n10

Wakatsuki, Reijiro, 275, 498

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 290–93

Walker, James, 255

Walker, Miriam D., 351n6

Walsh, J. M., 352n6

Walsh, Mrs. Edward J., 348n6, 352n6

War Council of the American Red Cross, 54

Ward, Horace B., 95

Warren, Charles B., 87, 264

Warren, Mrs. Benjamin, 348n6, 350n6

War Zone Refugee Relief Committee, 542

Washington, Booker T., 220

Washington, George, 87, 267, 415

Washington Monument, 363

Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

acquired historical items, 96–98

additional details about, 70–85

American University students and, 93–95

against anti-Semitism, 508

articles, 101n4

continued study of, 586

foundation for, 68

group photos from, 79–80

Japanese general public and, 88

Japanese views of, 87

Jewish magazine interview, 509

militants against, 100n3

one year after, 95

Pan-Pacific Union, 99n1

photo from Memorial Hall, 83

photo of Japanese Parliament delegation, 68

Red Cross Societies comparison, 516

signing ceremony, 89

Tokugawa and, 67–98

Washington Naval Treaty, 251, 424

women’s peace movement and, 86–87

Washington. Presentation of the Japanese Embassy to the President and Cabinet, in the East Room of the Executive Mansion (Taylor; engraving), 135n2

Washington Times (newspaper), 516, 546n1

Watanabe, Akira, 164n6

Watanabe, Kwazan, 157

Watase, Torajiro, 214n2

Watson, Edwin M., 286

WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union), 86–87, 102n7

Webster, Mrs. Charles, 354n8

Weeders, The (Garden Club), Philadelphia, PA, 353n6, 353n7

welcoming toasts, Portland, Oregon reception banquet, 194

Wellesley College, 267

Welsh, John, 95

West Point (United States Military Academy), 267

“What the Japanese have stood for in the World War” (T. Roosevelt), 55–56

Wheeler, Edward Jewitt, 223, 228

White, Mrs. William B., 352n6

White, Mrs. Windsor T., 349n6

White Man’s Burden (Kipling), 25, 424

Why War? Essays and Addresses on War and Peace (Butler), 258

Wild West Show, Madison Square Garden, 32

Wiley College, 166

Willard hotel, 387–390n16

Williams, Francis L., 350n6

Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson B., 349n6

Williams, Mrs. Francis D., 350n6

Williams, Walter, 174, 178

Wilmington Garden Club, Wilmington, DE, 353n6

Wilson, Hugh, 535

Wilson, Margaret, 54

Wilson, Woodrow, 22, 54, 203, 237, 306n6

Winans, Mrs. Carlton G., 352n6

Winchester and Clarke County Garden Club, Winchester, VA, 353n6

Wirt, Lincoln L., 205–6, 217n8

wisdom (mirror regalia), 486

Witsell, Edward, 458

Witte, M., 64n11

Wolseley, Frances, 391n17

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 86–87, 102n7

women

voting rights in Japan, 126

Women’s College, 115

women’s rights in Japan, 126–28

Wood, Leonard, 306n6

Wood, Mrs. Erskine, 352n6

Woodside-Atherton Garden Club, Woodside and Atherton CA, 353n6

Woodward, Robert S., 62n7

Worcester Garden Club, Worcester, MA, 353n6

World Affairs Councils of America (WACA), 593n13

world economic depression, 272, 301

World Federation of Education Associations, 168–173

World’s Sunday School Convention, 92

World War I

aftermath, 101n3, 250

aid of France, 451

Japanese participation, 39–57

Japanese Red Cross Society, 516

Japan joins Allies, 21–22

U.S./Japan relations and, 23–25

victory medals, 38

World War II

end of, 508

Hiroshima remembrance, 588

Holocaust, 549n7

Japanese American history, 135n3, 135n4

Jewish treatment, 509

Safe Zones, 521–23

surrender, 473

Tripartite Pact and, 435–36

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 484n3

WWI Alliance postcard illustration, 24

Yada, Mrs. Chonosuke, 341n4, 346n5

Yagi, Hiroshi, 324, 342n4

Yajima, Kajiko, 87–88

Yamamoto, Eriko, 127

Yamamoto, Isoroku, 275

Yamashika, Seika, 504n1

Yanagita, K., 63n10

Yasakani no Magatama jewel, 486

Yashiro, Yukio, 162n5, 589n1

Yasuda, Z., 63n10

Yasuda, Zenjiro, 164n6

Yata no Kagami mirror, 486

Yatsuta Maru liner, 425

“Yellow Journalism,” 298

“Yellow Peril,” 39, 63n9, 298

YMCA, 173

Yokohama Harbor, 329

Yoshida (musician), 131

Yoshida, Kazuko, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Shigeru, 332, 342n4, 345n5

Yoshida, Mrs. Tamotsu, 341n4, 347n5

Yoshida, Shigeru, 336, 354n8

Yoshihito, Crown Prince (Emperor Taisho), 444

Yoshino, Shinji, 414

Yoshitaka, Kimura, 18n2

Yost, Mrs. Ellis A., 87

Yuasa, Kurahel, 502

Yuasa, Mrs. Hachiro, 328, 347n5

Yukichi, Fukuzawa, 13, 18n2, 20n4

Yukiko (granddaughter of Tokugawa), 137

Zacharias, Ellis M., 250, 261, 270n2

Zero Population Growth (ZPG). See Population Connection

Ziemans (Reverend), 458

Zimmermann, Arthur, 56

Zimmermann Telegram, 56

Zojoji Temple, 112

Zumoto, M., 219n13

Dec. 23, 1929 – J. Edgar Hoover oversees the protection detail for the visiting Japanese Naval Delegation in Washington, D.C. – U.S. Secretary of State Stimson and the Japanese Ambassador Debuchi greet the visitors and escort them to the White House to meet with President Hoover

July 8, 2019 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

Dec. 23, 1929 – A rare photo of J. Edgar Hoover as he oversees the protection detail for the visiting Japanese Naval Delegation in Washington, D.C. The Japanese delegation were were on their way to attend negotiations in Europe for the ratification of the 1930 London Naval Treaty (officially the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament). The delegation was greeted at the Washington Union (Train) Station by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and the Japanese Ambassador Katsuji Debuchi; the delegation then visited the White House to meet with President Herbert Hoover.

December 23, 1929 – This photo offers rare candid view of J. Edgar Hoover, who is wearing the straw hat in the background and standing near a policeman. This photo is a sectional view of the larger group photo. This sectional view allowed the enlargement necessary to clearly view J. Edgar Hoover. This photo presents a unique glimpse of Hoover during a Bureau of Investigation (prior name of the FBI) field operation, when he wasn’t posing for the camera.

This photo highlights the arriving Japanese Naval Delegation in Washington, D.C., prior to the delegation being received by President Herbert Hoover at the White House. We see U. S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson (1867 – 1950) at the far right, with Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. Katsuji Debuchi at the far left. They are greeting the arriving Japanese Naval Delegation at the Washington Union (Train) Station. The delegation was passing thru the U.S. on their way to Europe for the negotiations that would ratify the 1930 London Naval Arms (limitation) Conference. The 1930 The London Naval Treaty (officially the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament) was an agreement between Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States, signed on 22 April 1930. Seeking to address a loophole in the formidable 1922 Washington Naval Treaty (that created tonnage limits for each nation’s surface warships), it regulated submarine warfare and limited naval shipbuilding. Ratifications were exchanged in London on 27 October 1930, and the treaty went into effect on the same day.

One of the significant benefits of this treaty, beyond attempting to maintain peace, was that the Great Depression had just begun in late 1929, and the treaty encouraged less funds be spent in an international Arms Race, when that money could better be used for urgently needed social support programs during the economic downturn.

Above is the larger version of the December 23, 1929 photo as the Japanese Naval Delegation arrive in Washington, D.C., on their way to the 1930 London Naval Conference.

Front row, Left to right: Admiral Seizō Sakonji; Japanese Ambassador Katsuji Debuchi; , T. Kawasaki, Reijiro Wakatsuki chief of delegates; U.S. Secretary of State Stimson: Hirosi Saito, Madame Takarabe, and Madame Debuchi. Back row right side: Takeshi Takarabe, assistant chief delegate (wearing glasses and standing behind his wife).

The individual in the background wearing a straw hat, adjacent to the policeman is J. Edgar Hoover (see below photo enlargements):

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States and an American law enforcement administrator. He was first appointed as the director of the Bureau of Investigation – the FBI’s predecessor – in 1924 and was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director for another 37 years until his death in 1972 at the age of 77.

The Dec. 23, 1929 group photo was taken in front of the south main entrance to the Washington Union Station. Below is a circa 1929 postcard of the train station. The descriptive reverse side of the postcard is also displayed below:

It was a surprising discovery noticing that J. Edgar Hoover appeared in the Dec. 23^rd, 1929 photo. The photo was acquired while doing research for the historical novel The Emperor and the Spy: The Secret Alliance to Prevent WWII, and the illustrated biography The Art of Peace by Stan S. Katz.

The Emperor and the Spy focuses on the life of a high level U.S. intelligence agent Colonel Sidney Mashbir who befriended and allied with Japanese leaders, including members of the Japanese royal family during the 1920s and 1930s, in a valiant attempt to maintain goodwill between their nations.

The Art of Peace biography is in many ways a nonfictional sequel to the novel and highlights the pivotal behind the scenes events in U.S. Japan relations during the first half of the twentieth century. The book highlights one of Colonel Mashbir’s closest and most influential Japanese allies Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940).

For further information visit the website TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com

Link to the Introduction of THE ART OF PEACE

Link to Introduction for THE EMPEROR AND THE SPY

Sept. 20th, 1917 Dinner Event to Honor the new U.S. Ambassador to Japan Roland S. Morris at the Bellevue Stratford, Hotel, Philadelphia. This event is linked to the 1917-1918 Viscount Ishii goodwill delegation visit.

April 10, 2019 by Stan S. Katz Leave a Comment

Circa 1917: Roland Sletor Morris. Following his Sept. 20^th, 1917 reception in Philadelphia, Morris soon proceeded to Japan. Source: Library of Congress /Bain News Service.

The interior of the Program/Menu to the reception is presented below.

This diplomatic event and the prominent individuals who attended it, offers a window to several significant international issues of that day.

Dinner to Honorable Roland S. Morris

American Ambassador to Japan

on Thursday evening September 20^th, 1917

The Bellevue-Stratford [Hotel], Philadelphia

Speakers

–Honorable William Potter (ex-Minister to Italy)

Toastmaster

–Honorable Thomas B. Smith (November 2, 1869–April 17, 1949) served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and was the 82nd Mayor of Philadelphia from 1916 until 1920.

–His Excellency Aimaro Sato (aka Yoshimaro Satō (佐藤愛麿, April 22, 1857 – January 12, 1934) was the Japanese Ambassador to the United States from 1916 to 1918.

–Honorable Frank Lyon Polk Frank Lyon Polk (September 13, 1871 – February 7, 1943) was a prominent United States lawyer and diplomat, who was also a name partner of the law firm today known as Davis Polk & Wardwell. At the time of this reception he held the position of Counselor Department of State

–Honorable Alexander Mitchell Palmer (May 4, 1872 – May 11, 1936), was United States Attorney General from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare (U.S. efforts against communists in America) of 1919–20. Palmer selected J. Edgar Hoover to his position in newly formed federal intelligence organization that would become the F.B.I.

–Honorable Robert von Moschzisker (March 6, 1870 – November 21, 1939) a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1909 to 1921 and Chief Justice from 1921 to 1930.

–Francis A. Lewis, Esq.

–William A. Glasgow, Jr., Esq. (April 29, 1865 – March 14, 1930) [Note 8]

–Honorable Roland S. Morris

American Ambassador to Japan

The reception for Morris took place at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, a landmark building at 200 S. Broad Street at the corner of Walnut Street in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Engraved 1916 letterhead of the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, PA, with vignettes of both that hotel, as well as those of the Waldorf and Astoria Hotels in New York all of which were then operating under the management of George Boldt. Source courtesy of: “The Cooper Collection of U.S. Hotel History” [1]

The below news article describes this festive diplomatic ballroom event, with 600 attendees, including many members Philadelphia’s judiciary, two U.S. senators, a fellow U.S. ambassador, and many other prominent supporters of the civic life in this city and State.

The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 20^th, 1917, Thu • Page 10

Below is another news article that described the Sept. 20^th diplomatic event:

Evening Public Ledger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 21, 1917, Friday • Page 9

At the event His Excellency Aimaro Sato Japanese Ambassador to the United States, stated that, “He rejoiced in the appointment of Mr. Morris as Ambassador to his country. He said he considered him the man to bring about the kind of relations which are needed in this time of world turmoil.”

Ambassador Morris stated, “I believe there are no pending questions between America and Japan which, if approached in a frank and generous spirit, are not susceptible of an honorable and fair judgement.” Those are not. They were uttered by his Excellency, Viscount Ishii.

Eleven days earlier, Ambassador Morris and his wife entertained Viscount Ishii and his peace mission. During 1917-1918, Ishii and his delegation travelled the U.S., attempting to negotiate a compromise with the U.S. to ease U.S. Japan tensions. See below news article:

The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 9^th, 1917, Sunday • Page 64

The result of Ishii’s visit was the Lansing: Ishii Agreement a diplomatic note signed between the U.S. and Japan on November 2, 1917 linked to their disputes with regards to China. In the published text of the Agreement, signed by U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Japanese special envoy Ishii Kikujirō, both parties pledged to uphold the Open Door Policy in China, with respect to its territorial and administrative integrity. However, the U.S. acknowledged that Japan had “special interests” in China due to its geographic proximity, especially in those areas of China adjacent to Japanese territory, which was in full alignment to the Open Door Policy. [2]

In a secret protocol attached to the public Agreement, both parties agreed not to take advantage of the special opportunities presented by World War I to seek special rights or privileges in China at the expense of other nations allied in the war effort against Germany.

Note: An upcoming blog post on this website will focus on the Lansing: Ishii Agreement

Some general biographical information about Roland Sletor Morris (March 11, 1874 – November 23, 1945): Morris was a U.S. diplomat and politician. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 1917 to 1921, and is perhaps best remembered for his special missions to Siberia in 1918 and 1919. He was one of the founding partners of the law firm of Duane Morris, in Philadelphia. For additional biographical info about Ambassador Morris see notes: [3] [4] [5] [6] Morris’ official papers are in the Library of Congress.

Some pivotal issues of the day during Morris’s time as Ambassador to Japan, which affected U.S., European, Russian, Chinese and Japanese relations:

-The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 combined with destruction of World War One destabilized mainly Europe and Russia, and in its aftermath, created uncertainties as to who would now take the leadership roles in Asia. Would the prior now weakened European colonial powers retain their positions, and to what degree would the rise Japanese influence impact the situation? [7]

-Japan had been an active ally of the democracies in WWI, and she felt she deserved to be treated as an equal to the European powers and the U.S. Despite her support in WWI, she felt dishonored when she saw racism shown against Japanese Americans living in the U.S. She viewed the great instability and civil war in Russia, and felt she was justified to have a larger presence in China, so as to contain the Russian Bolshevik movement from moving into China.

-The U.S. took the stance that the best way for China to resist moving towards communism, was for China’s territory to remain intact. The U.S. accepted that prior colonial powers could continue to hold significant influence in China, but that China not be divided up by those nations. Instead, the U.S. promoted the Open Door Policy with the hope China would move towards democracy. There was idealism and optimism to this approach, which could not stand up to the future destabilizing rise of communism and fascism leading to World War Two.

AMBASSADOR MORRIS ARRIVES IN JAPAN

Circa 1918: U.S. Ambassador Roland Sletor Morris going to call on Japanese Emperor Taisho. Source: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).

Circa 1918: Roland S. Morris in Tokyo, seated in front of artwork.

Source: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).

Ambassador Roland S. Morris accompanied by U.S. naval officers of the U.S.S. Brooklyn (ACR-3) – Right to left, Captain Althaus, Admiral Roger, Ambassador Morris, Lt. Commander Smith, and Lt. Commander Estes at Vladivostok, Russia. Circa 1918 to 1919.

Postcard: Springfield College Archives and Special Collections

Courtesy of: Cliff Smith YMCA Postcard Collection

U.S.S. Brooklyn (ACR-3) at anchor, c. 1898.

United States Navy

Built: 1893–1896

In commission: 1896–1921

Namesake: City of Brooklyn, New York

Portrait photo of Roland Sletor Morris

Book source: The World’s Work, 1919: https://archive.org/stream/worldswork38gard#page/566/mode/2up

Ambassador Morris was in Japan, taking a supportive role for the White Russians who are resisting the Bolshevik takeover of the important port city of Vladivostok.

The historical novel The Emperor and the Spy dramatically presents the exciting events surrounding this period of history in Vladivostok, and how a regional war almost erupted, but was prevented in 1922 by an American military intelligence agent Captain Sidney Mashbir.

Available in Print, EBook, and Audiobook:

Here are links to the book.

Barnes & Nobles link

Amazon Link

1921 Ambassador Roland S. Morris is called back from Japan to Washington, D.C. to negotiate with Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. Baron Shidehara. In 1921, Baron Shidehara accompanied Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, who headed Japanese delegation to the Washington Naval Arms Conference in the U.S. capital – Where they met with the leaders of many other nations to work out a naval arms limitation treaty, which was signed in 1922.

Book source for the photo: The World’s Work, 1921: https://archive.org/stream/worldswork41gard#page/318/mode/2up

Author: Underwood & Underwood

The Art of Peace illustrated biography highlights the diplomatic engagements between leaders of the U.S. and Japan during the first four decades of the twentieth century, in their support of democracy and their creative pursuit of goodwill, in spite of the turbulent times they lived. So influential was Prince Tokugawa and his Japanese supporters, that it would only be after Tokugawa’s passing in 1940, that Japan was pressured to ally with the Axis Powers in WWII.

Link to the Introduction:

THE ART OF PEACE

NOTES

[1] Constructed in 1904 and expanded to its present size in 1912, Bellevue-Stratford Hotel has continued as a well-known institution for more than a century and is still widely known by that original, historic name. In 1988 the building was converted to a mixed-use development. It has been known since then as The Bellevue. The hotel portion is currently managed by Hyatt as The Bellevue Hotel.]

[2] Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945, page 48

[3] Biography and History from: Princeton University Library Finding Aids: Morris, Roland S. (Roland Sletor), 1874-1945.

“Roland S. (Sletor) Morris was a leader of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania and was the ambassador to Japan from 1917-1921…born in Olympia, Washington on March 11, 1874 to Thomas Burnside Morris and Sarah Arndt Sletor. Morris attended the Lawrenceville School before entering Princeton University in September 1892. He graduated in June 1896, and went to the University of Pennsylvania Law School from 1896-1899, graduating cum laude. After receiving his law degree, Morris practiced law in Philadelphia at the firm of Duane, Morris and Heckscher. Morris was also politically active; he was the Chairman of the Democratic State Finance Committee in 1908 and from 1913-1916; additionally, he was a delegate or delegate at large to the Democratic National Convention in 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, and 1928. President Woodrow Wilson appointed him as Ambassador to Japan from 1917-1921, and sent him on a special mission to Siberia from 1918-1919. Morris was a professor of international law at the University of Pennsylvania beginning in 1924, President of the American Philosophical Society, a trustee of both Princeton University and Temple University, and a Regent of the Smithsonian Institute.”

[4] In 1934, Morris lost the Pennsylvania Democratic U.S. Senate primary to Joseph Guffey, who was subsequently elected. Source: “Pennsylvania Oracle”. Time Magazine. 1934-05-28.

[5] Morris was one of the founding partners in 1904, of the law firm Duane, Morris, Heckscher and Roberts that is currently known as Duane Morris, which has offices in the United States, London, Singapore, Viet Nam, Oman, Myanmar, Shanghai and Taiwan. Morris also served as the Chancellor of the Philadelphia Bar Association, 1933 to 1935. Source: The Duane Morris firm website.

[6] Morris was one of the reception hosts at the 1934 Japan Society of New York City Annual Gala Dinner event honoring the visit of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa. A blog post for that event is included on this website. Source: TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com blog

[7] The Russian Revolution began during the First World War. The revolution erupted in the context of Russia’s major military losses during that War, which resulted in much of the Russian Army being ready to mutiny. The situation climaxed with the October Revolution in 1917, a Bolshevik-led armed insurrection by workers and soldiers in Petrograd that successfully overthrew the Provisional Government, transferring all its authority to the Soviets.

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917, and concluding in 1923 after the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union, resulting in the end of the Civil War. They also established Soviet power in the newly independent republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Ukraine, and brought these jurisdictions into unification under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922. Victorious, they reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party.

[8] William A. Glasgow, Jr., Esq. (April 29, 1865 – March 14, 1930) was one of the speakers at the Ambassador Morris dinner event. Source: Ancestry.com. Since there is no Wikipedia page, the below obituary announcement is included to honor his memory.